الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Cardiac impulse has the property of automatic impulse formation
and rhythmic contraction. Impulses are generated in special tissue that
formes the A-V conductive system.
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Cardiac electrostomulation began in the mideighteenth century
with the use of currents from the leyden jar or voltage pile to stimulate
cardiac nerves and cardiac muscle in animals.
Cardiac electrostmulation was tried and intiated many centenaries
ago while pacing is relatively new technique for electrical
cardiostimulation through an electronic device.
There are two types of pacemakers, temporary and permanent
types, the temporary types mainly used as bridge to the permanent
especially for patients who are unable to undergeo immediate permanent
implantation or for patients whose bradycardia is sever and
hemodynamically unstable.
There are many indications of temporary cardiac pacing as
complete heart block, temporary bradycardia to drugs as digoxin, acute
myocardial infarction, post operative in cardiac surgery and
tachyarrythmia.
While temporary epicardial pacing is safe, less time consuming and
few patients require temporary epicardiac pacing after routine CABG.
There are many indications of permanent cardiac pacing include
aquired A-V block, after myocardial. infarction and sinus node
dysfunction.
.l Pacemaker implantation is done transvenously in 95% of cases
replacing the surgical epimyocardial technique which used only in certain
conditions like patients undergo cardiac surgary, those with venous
system or tricuspid valve anomalies, or underweight infant with small
heart.
Pacemakers complications can be divided into four categories,
immediate surgical complications, wound proplems,. delyed
complications and pacemaker malfunction.