الفهرس 
Horizontal Control In Traverses
Praotical ApplicationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 94 |  |  |
| | | from | 94 | | |
Abstract
Engineering traverses that cover limited areas with very high accuracy are investigated. conventional method where horizontal and vertical controls are separated in co-ordinates determination and adjustment are discussed, with the introduction of short range E.D.M. instruments and with I.R. operation direct inclined distance measuring has become possible with unequal accuracy. it is more convenient to combine horizontal and vertical controls in one mathematical model. the co-ordinates of the different points of traverse are calculated in the x, y, z system of axes. using method of least squares, correlation between horizontal and vertical determination of co-ordinates are not ignored. also correction to the angular measurements (vertical and horizontal angles) and the sides is applied directly to original values and no reduction of the measurements on any reference surface is done. a complete comparison between the conventional methods and the new method, so called three dimensional traversing, is demonstrated through field experiment. results prove that correlation between vertical and horizontal controls, in engineering surveys, is very strong