الفهرس 
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Abstract
Workpieces surface and sub-sutace properties are, indeed, affected by the plastic deformation and heat generated during machining as well as tool edge burnishing effects.such effects are found to introduce residual stresses. these stresses may be refered to as internal, inherent, trapped, lock-up, or body stresses.
residual stresses are of two main types (1) viz.;
(a) marco-stresses and (b) micro-stresses.
macro-stresses are usually uniformely distributed over appreciable area. on the other hand, micro-stresses, are of variable natures oven within the same grain.