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Abstract
We are in need to review our Egyptian biological studies done on psychiatric disorders in a systematic way, to appraise its results across the time and place, in order to illustrate points of power and weakness, to generate recommendations which may help us in constructing guidelines in our next researches on this important topic.
In order to achieve this goal different databases were explored; 1- Library of faculty of medicine- Ain Shams University. 2- Library of faculty of medicine- El Azhar University. 3- Library of faculty of medicine- Cairo University. 4- Databases of Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry and Current Psychiatry journal. After exploring these databases, a list of 57 Egyptian psychiatric researches in biological studies on psychiatric disorders was generated (25 MD & MSc from Ain Shams University, 6 MD & MSc from El Azhar University, 6 MD & MSc from Cairo University, 8 studies from the Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry and 12 studies from the Current Psychiatry journal).
After reviewing these studies they were categorized in the following categories; 1- Epidemiology, 2- Etiology, 3- Clinical description, 4- Management and 5- Outcome. Researches which were used in the review were critically appraised.
Regarding researches done it was found that:
A- Epidemiology:
1- Prevalence of biological findings in different psychiatric disorders:
a-Genetic study:
The conduct disorder children show pericentric inversion of the chromosome 15 in 15% of them. (Kotb et al, 2000).
b- Laboratory findings:
It was found that 82.6% of major depressed patients have negative dexamethazone suppression test (Abdel-Fattah et al, 1991) and that PDDs children have high peripheral serotonin & oxytocin level (Amin 2001 & Khalifa et al 2002).
c- Neurophysiological findings:
There are EEG abnormalities in mental retardation, dementia, panic disorders, depressive, generalized anxiety patients schizophrenics, ADHD children and PDDs children ( Saad, 1974) (Al-Mahdi et al, 2000) (Amin 2001) (Serag El-Din, 1991) (Ibrahim, 2004) (Barakat, 2008).
60% of primary nocturnal enuresis children have excessive somnolence in the form of difficult to wake up in the morning (El-Metwalley, 2006)
d-Brain imaging:
(Ghanem, 1984) found that schizophrenics have ventricular enlargement.
e-Regional Cerebral blood flow findings (Brain SPECT):
Most of major depressive patients, Panic disorder patients, Post concussion syndrome patients, schizophrenic patients, ADHD children and PDDs children, have brain hypoperfusion. (El-Sayed, 1996) (Abou El-Ela, 1998) (Abdel-Razek, 1999) (Omar, 2001)( Abdel- Hamed, 2001) (Mostafa, 2001).
2-Age and Sex and their relation to the biological findings in different psychiatric disorders:
a- Genetic studies:
In bipolar patients neither the age of onset nor the gender is related to the genetic association. (Fekry 2001)
b- Laboratory findings:
The mean serum Ca level in depressed and manic female patients on clinical remission is significantly lower than that in males. (Soliman 2000)
c- Neurophysiological findings:
There is no correlation between the age and the gender of schizophrenic patients and the TMS findings. (Abdel-Razek, 2001)
d-Regional Cerebral blood flow (Brain SPECT):
In OCD patients there is a relation between the age and the cerebral blood flow. (Reda, 1999) and in PDDs children there is a relation between the gender and the cerebral blood flow. (Omar, 2001)
So, we found 22 Egyptian biological studies done on the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders which covers the period from 1974- 2008 (24 years). Most of the results agree with the results of the studies done on the western countries. But, we found only one epidemiological brain imaging (CAT) study and two epidemiological genetic studies during this long period (24 years). The other biological researches are more studied where the neurophysiological studies are eight, the SPECT studies are seven and the laboratory studies are four.