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Abstract
Urinary bladder carcinoma is the most common malignancy involving the urinary tract. Cigarette smoking and specific occupational exposures are the main known causes of UBC. Chronic infection by Schistosoma haematobium is a cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Pre-neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder including proliferative and metaplastic lesions, these changes have a significantly increased risk for the development of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
Cystoscopy and biopsy are the standard of reference for bladder evaluation, but imaging is important for accurate staging and treatment planning. In Plain Radiography the calcification of the wall of the bilharizial bladder usually appears as a continuous curved line of calcification and the neoplasm interrupts the continuity of the linear calcification. In intravenous urography, a primary tumor may appear as a small-capacity, thick-walled bladder or as a focal mass. Sonography is not routinely used for staging cancer of the urinary bladder; the tumor often appears as a polypoid or plaque like, hypoechoic lesion that may project into the bladder.