الفهرس يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Summary
The Recent Study of the Nile Islands in Dammietta Branch
has shown the following facts,
1- Continue Change of the Morphology of the Stream after Setting up the
High Dam. The Overage Width of the Branch Stream Decreased Slightly
at a rate of 230 Meters in 1978 and 222 Meters in 2003. At Percentage of
3.48 %. The Length of the Stream in 1978 was about 247.5 km. it
Increased in 2003 to 247.905 km. at a rate of Increase about 405 Meters
the Average Depth of Water ranged from 1.39m and 10.80m at a rate of
3.65m this Shows that the Stream is very Shallow and Suitable for the
Accumulation of Deposits and the formation of Islands in Most of it’s
Parts this Necessitates Deepening and Clearance of it’s Stream and this is
being done now. So the Stream is Suitable for Navigation from the
Barrages to Dammietta and this helps Carrying Goods from Cairo to
Dammietta and vise versa. The Water Surface lost 3% of its area from
1978 and 2003 at a rate of Decrease from 57km2 to 55 km2. The Water
Declined about 2 km2 the Branch is in the Denuding Stage. The rate
Reached about 1.37 in 2003 and the Braided was 13% in 1978. This
increased to 14% in 2003. Analyzing the Deposits of Stream Bed showed
the average Pebbles of the Bed Materials of the Stream Decreased going
north. These Materials are roughly in the Beginning of the Branch and
Tends to be small and smooth towards the Mouth.
2- The Number of Islands and areas changed through the years of Study
from 1800 to 2003 once, they Increase and another time they Decrease
the Total Result is that they Decrease from 46 in the year 1800 to 29 year
2003. The River has lost about 17 Islands. The area Decreased from 0.464
km2 to 0.150 km2 at the rate of two Thirds. Through sequence of History
the Development of Islands from the French Campaign year 1800 up till
year 2003 .three Islands are Still found, they are El Ramla , Meet el kholy
Abdallah and Kafr Elnaeam. With the length of 2.4000 km, 2.320 km and
2.200 km. there are some Islands with Average width ranging from 200 to
400 m. after Building the High Dam while before that the width was 1000
or more. And the Shape Changed to be long and narrow. the Percentage
of the Change in Shape Decreased from 23.8 % to 17.17 % Between 1800
Summary
2
to year 2003 what helped that was the joining of big Islands like Kafr
Elagam , Tahla (Olama) , Elhorryfa , Samannod , al anz , about 20 Island
Remained the Same in Dammietta Branch in 1978 and Increased in area
and Dimensions . About 25 Islands Joined to the Banks and Became part
of the flow plain and 10 new Islands appeared in the Stream. These
Islands are Submerged When Water Rises in summer and appear only in
winter when the level of Water becomes Low. So, they are classified in
the year 2003 to permanent (about 5 Islands) and Seasonal (about 23) and
Temporary Islands (about 5 Islands). The results of analysis shoe that the
content of mud Increases in the northern Islands Compared with those in
the Middle of the Branch and the Southern Parts. This makes sure that the
Pebbles average Volume Decreases towards North. They are Stream in
the Beginning and Small and Smooth towards the Mouth.
3- The Geomorphological factors rode in informing and developing the Nile
Islands became clear as there was great decrease in the amount of Drain
after Building the High Dam in Spite of that, the Rivers Hydrological
System is the same. This is represented in the Presence of Increase in
Summer Flood and Decrease in winter. As a result of the Drain Decrease
some Islands have been Geomorfologically Changed. Some Islands
joined to one of the River banks or to the deposited formation of the delta,
to or more joined together in one and some new Islands performed
resulting from the decline of Water. These changes add a great effect on
the Morphology of the Stream and the attempt of the River to reach anew
Balance Stage throw the process of Contentious Side and Vertical
Curving. it has been shown that the Load of the Bed is the Bases of
Building Islands . And the Huge Load Complete the Process throws Flood
Months before Building the Dam and Keeping the Load before it. As after
Building the High Dam the Water Curved the Materials of the Sides and
the Bed and Deposited on the Edges and Curved Bends of the Islands so
they Grow and Developed as the River Bed is Cared to make the Process
of the Balance after the amount of Drain and Load has Changed after
Building the Dam and Keeping the Load before it. The amount of Salts as
Increased because of the Drain Water of factors and Agricultural Drain.
This helped in the Speed of Deposited, formation and Development of
Islands. It is clear that the river after cleansing operations currently under
way between the years 2000 and 2004 will be less mileage trend in a
certain point in the second from 1.3 meters to 1.2 meters; a 0.1 m / s a
percentage of 7.7% resulting in lack of water run-speed, as well as
increase Ability to carry sediment and sculpture in the islands and even
restore its balance again and this will lead to increased sedimentation in
Summary
3
the bottom of the islands and later on, and contributes to expand and
deepen in the Hungarian origin and evolution of islands, since the more
the river wider and shallower led to increased opportunities for the
emergence of islands in the river and evolution And vice versa. As well as
affect the slope of the bottom of the Hungarian processes sculpture and
sedimentation on the sector longitudinal and transverse; When the sector
is sliding longitudinal and transverse of the river grow with the rate of
sculpture, at least when the rate of decline less sculpting and
sedimentation rate increases. The Climatic conditions of Temperature,
Winds and Evaporation affect the Water Drain age passing the Stream of
Dammietta Branch and the consequences of Changes in Drain age the
Temperature and Evaporation affect the Increase and Decrease in the rate
of lost Water from one place to another throw the year. The speed of the
wind affects the activation of evaporation process. This loads to the
increase in lost Water from Water areas in the Stream of the Branch. The
direction of the northern wind affects the movement of Water twist the
River tends to curve in the direction of East and deposited in the direction
of West. The Plants and Animals affect the finding and developing the
Islands the growth of plants load and forming plant gatherings in some
places in the middle of the Stream and formed what is like Islands ( Sand
Barriers ) which developed after that and becoming an Island .Animals
help the process of curving and rock slide by scratching and digging. This
helps to form and create River Islands to form new Islands. Man helps as
a geomorphological factor and place an important rule with the natural
factors to make the speed of deposited in the sub Water Stream and side
movements to acquire new areas of cultivated land or build new dust
barriers to connect Islands with opposite banks. This leads to the increase
in deposits of sub Stream and the mass of Water of Water moves to the
main Stream raising the level of the bed. This also causes losing of a great
quantity of Water by the plants of sub Streams. The deposited increases
and connect Islands with the deposits of the delta in an attempt to reach
the new parlance.
4- The Study of the Geomorphological Dangers Facing Islands shows the
presence of the deposited process in Elramla and Greater Sahragt and
Gamgara in the period of the three comparing ”1948 – 1978, 1978 – 1991,
1991 – 2003” the caring in the first stage and deposited in the second
stage and the third in Islands of Kafr Elnaim, the caring in the second
stage and deposited in the first stage and the third in Islands of Dengway,
Meet Elkholy Abdallah and Eldahria, also the caring in the third stage and
deposited in the first stage and the second in Islands of Shrmasah and
Summary
4
Sharbas. the process of deposited in Curving caused finally are increase in
the area of Islands by 891972.85 m 2 ,the equivalent of 212 acres, 7
carats. It is expected with Discharge increase, number of islands in the
Dammietta branch reach to eleven Islands, including eight will be
Submerged Partially and they are Elramla, Gamgara, Greater Sahrgt, Kafr
Elnaim, Dengway, Meet Elkholy Abdallah, Eldahria and Sharbas The
total area will be flooded 0.770886 m 2; which is equivalent to 183 acres
and 12 carats; rate of 28% of the total area. Three Islands will form again
and they are Sarwa, Kafr Elkarnin and Elsafeen The total area of these
islands 0.594016 m 2 which is equivalent to 141 acres, 9 carats. The
presence of Agricultural use especially in growing Bananas and
Vegetables after the use of Housing.
5- The Study of the Applying example shows that the Island of Elramla is
old it appeared in the maps of the French campaign 1800. Its area in 2003
is 0.6 km2 which is equivalent to 142 acres and 19 carats and it is
continually growing in the south. the factors affecting the development in
Elramla differed. There are hydrological natural, biological and human
factors. In the north the Island is exposed to curving this leads to the
presence of cliffs with a high of 2.60 m in summer with the high level of
Water. The eastern Stream widens because of curving and the western
Stream becomes narrow because of depositing and the grows of natural
plants such as Nile grows witch helps to catch deposits this will cause the
connection of the Islands in the west through time . the surface of the
Island consist of several Morphological levels as a result of the
continuous process of depositing and the general low level of the Nile
Water because of it’s control after Building the High Dam. The divided
island of Ramla in geomorphology to the unit has an area of the upper and
0.2 km 2 or the equivalent of 47 acres and 14 carats, the unit has an area
of Central and 0.16 m 2 or the equivalent of 38 acres, 2 carats, the unit
has an area of low-and 0.23 m 2 or the equivalent of 54 acres and 18
carats, and the scope Sedimentation and seasonal total area is 0.11 m 2 or
the equivalent of 26 acres, 4 carats, ranging shallow and covers an area of
0.11 m 2 or the equivalent of 26 acres, 4 carats. Emerged from the results
of the analysis of bottom sediment in 86.5 km from el Roda measurement
of the Island of Elramla that soft sand category is the prevailing rate
which reach 45.5 % of the sample weight. Representing the southern part
of the Island, new land for human use, both in Recreational projects or
agricultural or fish farms, The total area is approximately 50 acres.