الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THE WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of endoscopies in management of lower urethral pathology (calculi and stricture) and to refine the technique performed to be used in the best way and only when indicated to give a good outcome with least morbidity.
Ureterocopy is one of the minimally invasive surgical procedures used in urology for treatment of most of urethral pathology .lt has become established as standard urologic endoscopic procedure. The event of smaller sizes ureteroscopes and improvement of design, accessories and techniques have led to an increase in the success of both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
The anatomy and pathology of the urinary teal can be best delineated with a retrograde xylography at the Tim of arthroscopy.
Dilatation generally accepted for easy passage of the ureteroscope and accessories.
With the aide of various retrieval accessories together with intracorporeal lithographer as pneumatic
Post arthroscopy stinting is recommended in complicated cases.
Endoscopes treatment appears to be an effective minimally invasive option for treatment of benign urethral
Preoperative determination of the nature, location ,length and severity of stricture segment is important.