الفهرس Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 85 |  |  |
| | | from | 85 | | |
Abstract
6. Nigella sativa and Commiphora molmol were prescribed for prevention and / or treatment of many conditions including cough, bronchial asthma, rheumatic pain, diabetes and cancer and to strengthen the immune system, increase milk production as well as using them for numerous pathological problems ranging from constipation to skin diseases. Both plants were extremely safe and have no obvious side effects.
Our study was carried out on rabbits to evaluate the immunostimulant effects of Nigella sativa and Commiphora molmol , immunotoxic effect of lead and the immunoprotective effects of NSO and CME against lead toxicity as well to evaluate the LP, GSH, GST and GPx of Pb and the protective effects of the previously mentioned plant extracts against Pb.
The Study Duration was 14 Weeks Divided into 3 Stages as Follows:
1 st Stage (8 weeks): in which rabbits were divided into 5 groups:
Group 1: Control.
Group 2: NSO 250 µl/ kg b.wt.
Group 3: NSO 500 µl/ kg b.wt.
Group 4: CME 50 mg/ kg b.wt.
Group 5: CME 100 mg/ kg b.wt.
2 nd Stage (4 weeks): in which rabbits were divided into 6 groups:
Group 1: Control.
Group 2: NSO 250 µl/ kg b.wt. + Pb 80 mg/ kg b.wt.
Group 3: NSO 500 µl/ kg b.wt. + Pb 80 mg/ kg b.wt.
Group 4: CME 50 mg/ kg b.wt. + Pb 80 mg/ kg b.wt.
Group 5: CME 100 mg/ kg b.wt + Pb 80 mg/ kg b.wt.
Group 6: Pb 80 mg/ kg b.wt.
3 rd Stage (2 weeks):
All the previously treated groups were injected with SRBCs intravenously and continued to be treated as the 2 nd stage. And all rabbits treated with these plant extracts and lead acetate by oral rout, were housed under the same conditions in automatic boxes and take diet and water ad libitum.
Laboratory Analysis:
Two blood samples were taken after the first and second stages and the samples were used for determination of cellular immune response through LTT, PA and PI before and after Pb application and antibody titer against SRBCs at the end of the experiment as well as determination of some biochemical characters (total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, ALT and AST), While at the end of the experiment the rabbits of each group were slaughtered , Livers and kidneys were removed and their homogenates used in determination of LP, GSH, GST and GPx.
Statistical Analysis Revealed the Following:
No deaths or abnormally apparent clinical signs and symptoms could be observed in rabbits received either NSO or CME or even when concurrently administered with Pb in the given dose levels along the whole period of the experiment.
Cell mediated immune response: Results of LTT revealed a significant enhancement in the values of LTT, with the highest value recorded for the high dose level of NSO, followed by the low dose of CME, .Such effects were slightly reduced after the administration of Pb but still significantly higher than that of the control, while in other groups received the low dose of NSO and the high dose of CME, the value of LTT was comparable with those of the control group. However the effect of Pb administration alone showed a significant reduction in the values of LTT when compared with the control value. Also the results of PA and PI showed that there were significant enhancement in the values of PA and PI with the highest value recorded for the high dose level of NSO followed by the low dose of both CME and NSO respectively when compared with the control values, while in group received high dose of CME the values of PA and PI were comparable with those of the control ones. Concurrent administration of Pb with these plants extracts resulted in slight reduction in such effects but still significantly higher than the control value, while in group received high dose of CME, the values of PA and PI were significantly decreased either when compared with control values or with same group before administration of Pb. However the effect of Pb administration alone on the values of PA and PI showed a significant reduction when compared with the control value.
Humeral immune response: The humeral antibody titer against SRBCs was significantly higher in all groups when compared with their values before injection of SRBCs .However, administration of Pb alone resulted in highly significant reduction in antibody titer against SRBCs when compared with the control group. Concurrent administration of Pb with either NSO or CME revealed a variable degrees of reduction in the antibody titer against SRBCs when compared with the control group after injection with SRBCs, where the maximum reduction in the antibody titer was recorded in group treated with Pb alone followed by group treated with the high dose of CME concurrently with Pb, then the low dose of NSO and the minimum non significant reduction was recorded for high dose of both NSO and CME respectively.
Reduced glutathione content: The results of GSH revealed a highly significant decrease in the value of GSH in both liver and kidney homogenates of rabbits treated only with Pb, when compared to the control values. Also, concurrent administration of NSO with Pb, showed a significant decrease in the level of GSH in both liver and kidney homogenates. However, concurrent administration of Pb with high dose of CME revealed a significant increment in the level of hepatic and renal GSH as compared with control values.
Glutathione S-transferase activity: The activity of GST in hepatic and renal homogenate was significantly inhibited in Pb treated group when compared with control values. In a similar manner, addition of Pb with the lower doses of both NSO and CME induced a significant inhibition in the activity of both hepatic and renal GST, while the higher doses showed a significant enhancement in hepatic GST activity and a comparable renal GST activity when compared to those of control.
Glutathione peroxidase activity: The activity of GPx in hepatic and renal homogenates was significantly enhanced in CME groups treated concurrently with Pb. However, in groups treated either with Pb alone or with the high dose of NSO the activity of GPx in hepatic and renal homogenates were significantly reduced when compared to control value, while those treated with both Pb and the low dose of NSO are parallel with the values of control group.
Lipid peroxidation level: The data presented revealed a significant rise in the amount of LP in both hepatic and renal homogenates of Pb treated group when compared to the control values as well as other groups. However, pretreatment of Pb treated group with either NSO or CME significantly decrease the amount of hepatic and renal LP to a levels lower than those of the control especially in renal homogenates.
Serum total protein, albumin and globulin: The data revealed non significant changes in the levels of total proteins and serum albumin in all groups treated only with either NSO or CME. However, a slight significant decrease in the levels of total proteins and serum albumin were noticed in groups treated either with Pb alone or concurrently with high dose of CME. Similarly, a significant decrease in the level of serum globulins was recorded in groups treated either with Pb alone or concurrently with high dose of CME, also; a non significant increase in the amount of serum globulins was recorded in groups treated with the high dose of NSO or low dose of CME simultaneously with Pb.
Kidney function: Concerning the kidney functions, the result revealed non-significant changes in the levels of blood urea and serum creatinine in all groups treated only with either NSO or CME. In the same manner, simultaneous administration of Pb with either NSO or CME does not revealed any significant changes in the values of blood urea and serum creatinine as compared to the control value, while administration of Pb alone showed a significant increase the values of blood urea and serum creatinine when compared to control ones.
Liver function: The liver transaminases, ALT and AST had a significant increase in the activity of serum ALT was estimated in Pb treated group when compared to control value. Also, serum AST was significantly increased in groups treated either only with Pb or concurrently with the high dose of CME as compared with control values.