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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Maize is the most important cereal crop, in Egypt, next to wheat. It is mainly used by Egyptian farmers, for animal feed, as well as human nutrition. Such importance has kept the maize acreage without reduction compared to he other cultivated crops. The annual cultivated area with maize covers about two million feddans. (Mesbah et al., 2002)
Cultivated maize (Zea maiz) as we know it today originated in central America, probably within the area equivalent to modern Maxico. When Columbus arrive in America at the end of the 15 th century, maize was already an important food crop among the south Americans from Mexico to Peru. By the 16 th century, maize was already being cultivated in southern Europe, parts of west and southern Africa, and Asia. By the 17 th century, maize was present in virtually all areas of Africa in which it could be cultivated. Despite the existence of Africa maize for over 300 years.
In general, maize in Africa is grown by small scale farmers for local consumption, and yield tend to be very low, averaging less than half of Asia and Latin American yields (FAO, 1993).
Maize is used as both human and animal food, and feed eaten directly as grilled cobs or as various products of maize flour. It is easily stored after drying and or milling.
Corn plants are usually attacked by several common injurious insect-pests, i.e., the pink stem borer, Sesamia cretica Led., the purple-line borer, Chilo agamemnon (Bles.) and the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.), which are regarded among the major factors affecting the productivity of growing maize plants, and causing great damage and yield losses. These Lepidopterous borers are among the economically most important maize pests in Africa.
Moreover, Pesticides play a very important and prominent role in environmental protection. Pesticides are still one of the most powerful weapons in our never ending battle against insect pests, it is becoming increasingly important to develop and use control agents that are effective without hazardous side effects for man and the environment. A new line of pesticides (bio pesticides) is being developed and improved to be an important tool in the IPM programs. These products could be as a new measure to control many of these pests. These products will be safe for the workers and the environment without causing any side effect against the beneficial insects (Stephens, 1997).
Asking if it is safe to use pesticides is like asking if it is safe to take medication. The answer is both ”yes” and ”no” because it depends on which medication, in what dose, how it is taken, by whom and for what reason. Salt, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin A and caffeine, on a weight-for-weight basis, are more toxic than many pesticides. Instead of classifying substances as ”safe” or ”dangerous,” it is far more appropriate to think in terms of using substances in a safe or dangerous way.
The art and science of insect rearing has advanced tremendously over the years, as the need for laboratory-reared insects for entomological research, bioassay testing and pest control has grown in the recent days. It is in this light that the term insect-rearing management was conceived (Singh and Moore, 1985). Insect-rearing management is defined as ”the efficient utilization of resources for the production of insects of standardized quality to meet the goals of research project ”.
The rearing laboratory is a new habitat for the insects, and should therefore have environmental conditions that are conducive to their development and eventual field performance. Moreover, were reared under conditions where bioassay test, biological studies and toxicological studies.
In light of this above, corn borers are reared at the laboratory of faculty of agriculture, Saba basha, plant protection Dept, for studies on biological studies and toxicological studies (required continuously throughout two years in large numbers). The success of any insect-pest control programme relies on a dependable supply of high-quality insects in adequate numbers, at specified times and at specific stages of development.
So that, the aim of the present research work is directed to investigate the effect of insecticides (Diazinon (Basudin)®, Profenofos (Selecron)®. bio-insecticides, emamectin benzoate (Proclaim)® and Spinosad (Spintor)®, Bacillus thuringiensis. Kurstak(Diple2x)® and natural biological agent (Azadirachtin (Achook)® on those pests attacking corn plants throughout, The rearing laboratory is a new habitat for the insects, biological and toxicological studies (required continuously throughout two years in large numbers) in laboratory and plant cultivations within successive season. and determined Residual analysis of the insecticidal treatments in the Corn plants (Stem- Grains). Also, this study proposed one of the most interesting objectives of this study to find a solution to replace the most toxic pesticides by the new green chemistry pesticides as well as bio pesticides to control corn borers. The data obtained suggest that emamectin benzoate, spinosad, B. thuringiensis and azadirachtin will be the solution.