الفهرس 
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Abstract
Aim of the work
1- To estimate the incidence of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic attending ophthalmic department out patient clinics at EL-Minia university hospital from the first of March 1994 to the end of June 1994.
2- To identify who is mostly of diabetic patients at risk for developing diabetic retinopathy and what factors modifying that risk.
3- To establish the concept of importance of regular ophthalmological examination patients in order to detect early retinopathy as early adequate treatment of retinopathy is available in preventing visual loss in those patients.
Conclusion
1- Studies from different parts of the world showed a large difference in incidence, which ranged from 24% to 70% for total retinopathy and from 4.5% to 22% to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and this study shows an incidence of 51.9% for total DR and 14.5% for PDR.
2- Most of subjects taken in this study are of maturity onset diabetes mellitus (86.6%) so they are represented in high percentages in relation to juvenile onset diabetes mellitus in the four groups.
3- This percentage of maturity onset diabetes denotes that maturity onset DM is a common type of diabetes and it is the disease of severe complications and needs more attention.
4- Most of cases DR are above age of fifty years and most of cases with no signs of DR are below age of fifty years.
5- There is no sex predilection of cases have DR.
6- The incidence of DR is found to be high in un controlled cases with infrequent investigations.
7- Systemic hypertension is not uncommon association with cases Of DR.
8- The duration of diabetes is considered one of the most risk factors that determine the development of diabetic retinopathy.
9- Almost all patients with type I diabetes mellitus and many with type II diabetes retinopathy.
10- Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness and the incidence is higher in diabetes of long duration.
11- Diabetic retinopathy is one of major causes of blindness in adulthood.
12- Both physicians and diabetic patients must be educated about the need for regular ophthalmic examinations to prevent blindness.