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Abstract
Newborns are the group of children in whom thromboembolism (TEs) most frequently occur. The incidence of symptomatic neonatal (TE) (including centeral nervous system disease ) is reported to be 0.51 per 10000 live births. Thrombus formation and thrombus growth are the result of local coagulation activation combined with a disturbance in the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Various genetic prothrombotic defects, particularly those affecting the physiological anticoagulant systems, i.e. antithrombin, protein C, and protein S deficiency, the mutation of coagulation factor V (G1691A), and the factor II variant (G20210A) have been will established as risk factors of thrombotic events. Edema and cyanosis of the dependent limb(s), head, neck, or chest, and collateral vessel circulation give evidence of DVT. Abdominal mass, thrombocytopenia, or hematuria give evidence of renal venous thrombosis. Arterial thrombosis of the limbs present clinically with cold, pale limbs along with diminished or absent pulses, diminished peripheral perfusion, or reduced skin temperature. Seizures, hemiparesis, and coma are leading symptoms of vascular accidents within the centeral nervous system in neonate and infant. Duplex sonography, venography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be used to diagnose venous thrombosis. Heparin and low molecular weight heparin have been used to manage venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Thrombolytic agent as Streptokinase, Urokinase and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator may be indicated if thrombosis is extensive or in vital organ. Replacement therapy may be used in case of congenital or acquired deficiency of coagulation inhibitors.