الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted during the two consecutive seasons of 2005 and 2006 at the Nursery of Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia Governorate to throw some light on the effects of soil textures, salinity, inoculation with mycorrhizal Fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus atunicatum) and organic fertilization on growth, root development and uptake of N, P , K , Na and Cl and infection percentage of Flame seedless grapevine transplants.
In early February of both seasons 216 one – year old of healthy and nearly similar in vigour transplants of own rooted Flame seedless grapevine were selected for achieving of this investigation.
The present experiment included three factors ( A, B and C) . The first factor (A) comprised from three textures of soil ( three media) namely a1) clay a2) sandy and a3) calcareous. The second factor (B) contained two soil salinity levels namely b1) unsalinity and b2) soil salinity at 1000 ppm . The third factor (C) included the following six treatments from inoculation with two species of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) and the organic fertilization i.e. farmyard manure. (F.Y.M.):
C1) Uninoculation with VAM and unfertilization with F.Y.M.
C2) Organic fertilization with F.Y.M. ( 0.3 % N , 0.9 % P2O5 and 0.4 % K2O).
C3) Soil inoculation with Glomus mosseae only.
C4) Soil inoculation with Glomus mosseae plus organic fertilization with F.Y.M.
C5) Soil inoculation with Glomus atunicatum.
C6) Soil inoculation with Glomus atunicatum plus organic fertilization with F.Y.M.
Therefore, this experiment included 36 treatments ( 3 soil textures X 2 salinity levels X 6 VAM and F.Y.M. treatments).
Each treatment was replicated three times, two transplants for each replicate. Therefore, the total number of transplants selected for carrying out this experiment were 216.
The soil was inoculated with two species of VAM namely Glomus mosseae and Glomus atunicatum at 30 g inoculum ( Each gram contains 70 spores ). Soil salinity was caused by NaCl and Na2SO4 by 1: 1 ( w/w) at 1000 ppm.
The design of this factorial study was completely randomized deisgn with three replicates and each replicate was represented by two plants ( in two pots).
In both seasons, the following parameters were recorded:
1-Growth characters namely plant height (cm.), stem thickness(cm), number of laterals and leaves per plant, dry weight of plant(g.) and leaf area (cm2)
2-Root characters namely root distribution (cm2) and root length (cm.).
3-The concentrations and uptake of N, P, K, Na and Cl in the whole plant.
4-Percentage of infection.
5-Mycorrhizal dependency ratio.
The nearly same results obtained in both seasons could be summarized under the following main items:
1-Growth and root characters:
Growth characters namely plant height, stem thickness, number of laterals and leaves/ plant, leaf area and dry weight of whole plant as well as root traits namely root distribution and root length of inoculated with VAM transplants were considerably stimulated in the inoculated with VAM species and grown in sandy, clay and calcareous soils, in descending order. Planting the inoculated plants in sandy soil effectively maximized growth and root values of the transplants. Calcareous soil medium exerted the minimum values of these characters.
Soil salinity at 1000 ppm caused by NaCl and Na2SO4at 1:1 by weight obviously inhibited these growth and root characters in inoculated and inoculated transplants compared to unsalinization conditions.
Soil inoculation with VAM species namely Glomus mosseae or Glomus atunicatum and/ or fertilization with F.Y.M. considerably stimulated all growth and root characters compared to uninoculation and organic unfertilization.
Glomus mosseae surpassed Glomus atunicatum in exerting the stimulating effect of these characters. Organic fertilization in combined with inoculation with both VAM types was favourable than using each alone in improving growth and root characters.
Inoculating unsalinized sandy soil with Glomus mosseae and fertilized with F.Y.M. gave an announced stimulation on growth and root characters of Flame seedless grapevine transplants. The minimum values were recorded on transplants grown under salinized calcareous soil and untreated with VAM and F.Y.M.
2-The concentrations and uptake of N, P, K, Na and Cl by transplant:
Planting Flame seedless grapevine transplants in sandy, clay and calcareous, in descending order, was followed by maximizing the concentrations and uptake of N, P and K and minimizing concentration and uptake of both Na and Cl . Inoculation with VAM and growing the transplants in sandy soil gave the maximum concentration and uptake of N, P and K and the minimum concentration and uptake of Na and Cl.
Saline conditions greatly reduced the concentration and uptake of N, P and K and at the same time raised the concentrations and uptake of Na and Cl of inoculated and uninoculated transplants compared to unsaline ones.
The highest concentration and uptake of N, P and K and the minimum concentration and uptake of Na and Cl were recorded on transplants received VAM species and F.Y.M. compared to the control treatment. Inoculation with Glomus mosseae surpassed the application of Glomus atunicatum in this respect. The great effect on concentration and uptake of N, P and K was recorded when VAM species and F.Y.M. were applied together compared to using each alone.
Soil inoculation with Glomus mosseae in unsalinized and fertilized with F.Y.M. in sandy soil succeeded in maximizing the concentrations and uptake of N, P and K and minimizing both Na and Cl of Flame seedless grapevine transplants. The adverse effects on the concentrations and uptake of N, P and K were recorded on plants growing on salinized calcareous soil as well as uninoculation with VAM and unorganic fertilization.
3-Percentage of infection:
Percentage of infection in the roots of Flame seedless grapevine transplants was increased when they grow in sandy, clay and calcareous soils, in descending order.
Growing the inoculated and uninoculated with VAM species transplants in saline soil effectively reduced infection % in the roots.
Inoculation of soil with Glomus mosseae, or Glomus atunicatum with or without the addition of F.Y.M. was accompanied with enhancing infection % in the roots of transplants. The stimulating effect of both VAM species on infection % was improved when the inoculated transplants were supplied with F.Y.M. Percentage of infection on roots of Glomus mosseae inoculated transplants was higher as compared with the analogous ones inoculated with Glomus atunicatum. Generally, Glomus mosseae inoculated transplants fertilized with F.Y.M. had higher percentage of infection.
The highest infection % was recorded on roots of transplants grown on unsaline sandy soil, inoculated with Glomus mosseae and organic fertilized with F.Y.M. The lowest values were recorded on roots of the transplants grown under saline calcareous soil and inoculated with Glomus atunicatum only ( Without the addition of F.Y.M.)
4-Mycorrhizal dependency ratio :
Inoculated transplants grown on sandy, clay, and calcareous soils, in descending order had too higher values of mycorrhizal dependency ratio.
Growing inoculated transplants in saline soil effectively minimized mycorrhizal dependency ratio.
Single inoculation with Glomus mosseae ,or Glomus atunicatum with or without F.Y.M. caused an obvious promotion on mycorrhizal dependency ratio. The addition of F.Y.M. to the mycorrhizal inoculated plants caused a remarkable increase on such ratio. Inoculation with Glomus mosseae was preferable than using Glomus atunicatum in this connection. Transplants inoculated with Glomus mosseae and fertilized with F.Y.M. had higher values.
Transplants grown on unsaline sandy soil, fertilized with F.Y.M. and inoculated with Glomus mosseae fungi gave higher mycorrhizal dependency ratio. The lowest values were recorded on transplants grown on saline calcareous and inoculated with Glomus atunicatum only ( i.e. without the addition of F.Y.M.).
Conclusion:
According to the obtained results, one can conclude that:
1-Inoculation with the two species of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) namely Glomus mosseae, and Glomus atunicutum was beneficial in accelerating and stimulating vegetative growth, roots and nutritional status of Flame seedless grapevine transplants under different soil textures particularly sandy soil.
2-The stimulating effect of VAM on vegetative growth, roots and nutritional status of the transplants was depended on VAM species, soil textures, salinity exposure and organic fertilization.
3-Activity of VAM was greatly augmented in inoculated transplants growing in sandy, clay and calcareous soil, in descending order.
4-Soil inoculation with Glomus mosseae or Glomus atunicatum could result in counteracting and alleviating the adverse effects of salinity and calcium carbonate in the soil on growth characters and the availability of essential nutrients.
5-The addition of organic fertilizers was necessary for doubling the positive action of VAM on growth characters and nutritional status.
6-Soil inoculation with Glomus mosseae was preferable than using Glomus atunicatum in stimulating growth characters and nutritional status.
7-The importance of inoculating grapevine nursery soil with VAM for producing quick growing transplants.
8-Inoculation with VAM and fertilization with F.Y.M. was essential for young transplants growing under sandy soil. Since, such transplants behaviour were greatly dependent on mycorrhizal infection.
9-For producing healthy and vigorous Flame seedless grapevine transplants growing under sandy soil, it is recommended to inoculate the soil with Glomus mosseae and fertilize with F.Y.M. This promising treatment can be applied also in transplants planted in clay and calcareous soil.