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Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of artichoke leaves and chard leaves on hyperglycemic and hypercholesterolemic rats. Sixty adult male albino rats, weitting (150-200) g were taken from the veterinary medicine institute, Cairo, Egypt. The animals were kept in cylindrical wire cages with wire bottoms; the diet was introduced to rats in special food; cups (mangers) to avoid scattering of food. Also, water was provided to the rats by glass tube projection through the wire cage. Food and water provided and checked daily. Rats were fed the experimental diet for 4 weeks according to the following groups:- 1. Normal groups:- Control group (control negative) (-ve) 4 rats were fed basal diet for 28 days. 2. Hyperglycemic groups:- Rats were divided into 7 groups, 4 rats in each group, and fed on certain diets for 28 days as follows: - Group 1: (4 diabetic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 5% chard. Group 2 :( 4 diabetic rats) were fed on basal diet containing
10 %chard. Group 3: (4 diabetic rats) were fed on basal diet containing English summary 139 15 % chard. Group 4: (4 diabetic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 5% artichoke. Group 5 :( 4 diabetic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 10% artichoke. Group 6: (4 diabetic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 15%artichoke. Group 7: Diabetic control groups (4 diabetic rats) were fed on basal diet for 28 days. 3. Hypercholesterolemic groups: Rat were divided into 7 groups, 4 rats in each group and fed on certain diets for 28 days as follows: Group 1: (4 hyperlipidemic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 5% chard. Group 2 :( 4 hyperlipidemic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 10 %chard Group 3: (4 hyperlipidemic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 15 % chard. Group 4: (4 hyperlipidemic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 5% artichoke. Group 5 :( 4 hyperlipidemic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 10% artichoke. Group 6: (4 hyperlipidemic rats) were fed on basal diet containing 15 % artichoke. Group 7: hyperlipidemic control group: (4 hyperlipidemic English summary 140 rats) were fed on basal diet for 28 days. At the end of the experimental, animals were sacrificed after 12 hours fasting blood sample were collected and obtained from the hepatic portal veins. The obtained results could be summarized as follow: 1. Hyperglycemic group:- 1.1. Body weight gain, body weight gain percent and feed efficiency ratio of hyperglycemic rats:- The effect of chard leaves showed that control positive group significantly decreased (p≤0.01) in body weight gain, body weight gain percent and feed efficiency ratio than control negative group. There were nonsignificant (p≤0.01) differences between 10%and 15% chard leaves and nonsignificant (p≤0.01)differences between 5% chard leaves and control negative in body weight gain , there were nonsignificant (p≤0.01)differences between 10%and 15% chard leaves in body weight gain percent ,the highest increased was observed in 5% chard .There were nonsignificant (p≤0.01) differences between 5%and 10% chard leaves and control negative and nonsignificant(p≤0.01) differences between 15% chard leaves and control positive in feed efficiency ratio. On the other hand, there were significantly higher (p≤0.01) in 5%, 10% and 15% artichoke leaves group than control positive group in body weight gain. The best mean value was observed in 10% artichoke leaves group followed by 15% and English summary 141 5% artichoke leaves group in body weight gain. The same trend was observed nearly in body weight gain percent.5% artichoke leaves group was the lowest mean value (p≤0.01) in feed
efficiency ratio. 1.2. Relative organs weight:-The effect of chard leaves on relative organs weight of(heart , Lung , liver , spleen and kidney) showed that the mean values of all groups showed nonsignificant difference (p ≤ 01)in relative organs weight of (heart , Lung , liver , spleen and kidney) . The same trend was observed in diet contain 5% , 10% and 15%
artichoke leaves except kidney which showed a significant higher
(p ≤.01) in both control positive group and group fed on diet
contain 5% artichoke leaves than control negative group ,10%
and 15% artichoke leaves .
1.3. Serum glucose:-
Result of serum glucose of hyperglycemic rats fed on both
artichoke and chard leaves showed significant increase
(p≤0.01)in control positive group as compared to control
negative .all treated groups with chard leaves or artichoke leaves
decreased the level of serum glucose significantly (p≤0.01) as
compared to the control positive group. The best result was
observed in the group fed on the diet containing %10 artichoke
leaves and the diet containing %10 chard leaves also.
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1.4. Serum uric acid and creatinine
The effect of chard leave showed that control positive
group was significantly higher (p≤ 0.01) in serum uric acid and
creatinine than that in negative control group. Serum uric acid
level of hyperglycemic rats decreased significantly (p≤ 0.01) as
the percentage of chard leaves in the diet increased. Serum
creatinine level of hyperglycemic rats fed on 10 % chard leaves
was significantly decreased (p≤ 0.01 ) when compared with
control positive group followed by 5%chard leaves group and
15%chard leaves group.
The effect of artichoke leaves showed a significant
decrease (p≤0.01) in the mean values uric acid and creatinine as
compared to control positive group, the best result was observed
in the group fed on 10% artichoke leaves in reducing serum uric
acid level. There were nonsignificant differences (p≤0.01)
between 5% and 15% artichoke leaves groups in reducing uric
acid level and significantly lower (p≤0.01) than control positive
group. There were nonsignificant differences (p≤0.01) were
observed between 10% and 15% artichoke leaves group for
reducing serum creatinine following by 5% artichoke leaves
group.
1.5. GOT, GPT and ALP:-
The effect of chard leave showed a significant decrease (p≤
0.01) in serum GOT which showed nonsignificant different
(p≤0.01) between group fed on 10% and 15% chard followed by
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5% chard .The same trend was observed in the effect of chard
leaves on serum ALP .Among the experimental groups 10%
chard showed the best effect in reducing serum GPT followed
by 15% and 5% chard leaves .
On the other hand, the highest decrease in GOT was
observed in group fed on 10% artichoke leaves while the lowest
decrease was in group fed on 5% artichoke leaves. GPT for
groups fed on 10% artichoke leaves a showed significant
decrease (p≤ 0.01) as compared to control positive group
followed by 15% and 5% artichoke leaves. There was
nosignificant difference (p≤0.01) between ALP for group fed on
10% artichoke leaves as compared to control negative group.
1.6. Total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c and
Triglyceride:-
The effect of chard leave showed that the best treatment in
serum total cholesterol was observed for group fed on 15%
chard leaves which was significantly lower (p≤ 0.01) as
compared to control positive group and followed by group fed
on 10% chard leaves and 5% chard leaves gave the same trend
for triglyceride and serum LDL-c .The results of HDL-c showed
significant increase (p≤0.01) in control negative group as
compared to control positive group. All treatment with chard
leaves significantly increased the level of serum HDL-c (p≤ 0.01)
as compared to control positive, the best result was observed in
the group fed on diet containing 15% chard leaves. HDL-c
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increased as the percentage of chard leaves in the diet increased
.The mean value of VLDL-c for group fed on 15% chard leaves
showed nonsignificant difference (p≤0.01) compared with control
negative group. On the other hand ,all treatment with artichoke
significantly decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL-c ,VLDL-c
and Triglyceride than control positive group .The best result in
serum total cholesterol and Triglyceride was observed in the
group fed on the diet containing %10 artichoke leaves followed
by 5% and 15% .The opposite trend was observed in serum
HDL-c. The best result of serum LDL-c was observed in the
group fed on %10 artichoke leaves, however there were
nosignificant between 5% artichoke leaves and 15% artichoke
leaves group. the mean value of serum VLDL-c in diet contain
5% and 10% artichoke leaves showed nosignificant differences
(p≤0.01) and showed significantly decreased than control positive
group .
2. Hyperlipidemic group:-
2.1. Body weight gain, body weight gain percent and feed
efficiency ratio:-
The effect of chard leaves on body weight gain , body
weight gain percent and feed efficiency ratio revealed that
control positive group showed significantly decrease (p≤0.01)as
compared to control negative group for body weight gain , body
weight gain percent and feed efficiency ratio. There were
nonsignificant differences (p≤0.01) between 10% chard leaves
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group and control negative group in body weight gain and there
were nonsignificantly differences (p≤0.01) between control
positive group and 15% chard leaves group . There were
nonsignificant (p≤0.01) differences between control positive
group and 15% chard leaves group, the highest mean values was
at 10% chard leaves groups followed by 5%chard leaves groups
followed 15%chard leaves groups. There were significant
(p≤0.01) differences between all treatments with chard leaves
group, control negative group and control positive group in feed
efficiency ratio, the highest mean values was observed at 10%
chard leaves groups followed by 15% chard leaves groups and
followed by 5%chard leaves groups.
On the other hand, the effect of artichoke leaves on body
weight gain, body weight gain percent and feed efficiency ratio
showed that there were a significant decrease (p≤0.01) in control
positive comparing with control negative for body weight gain,
body weight gain percent and feed efficiency ratio. There were
nonsignificant differences (p≤0.01) between 5% artichoke
leaves and 15% artichoke leaves in body weight gain, they are
significantly (p≤ 0.05) higher than that of the negative control
group and control positive group. The same trend was observed
nearly in body weight gain percent. There were nonsignificant
(p≤0.01) differences between 5%, 10% and 15% artichoke
leaves and control negative in feed efficiency ratio.
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2.2. Relative organs weight:-
The effect of chard leaves on relative organs weights
demonstrated that there were nonsignificant difference (p≤.01)
between all groups (control negative group, control positive
group and groups fed on diet contain 5%, 10% and 15% chard
leaves) in relative organs weight of (heart, Lung, liver, spleen and
kidney) .The same trend was observed in the effect of artichoke
leaves on relative organs weights.
2.3. Serum glucose:-
The effect of chard leaves on fasting serum glucose level
of showed significant increase (p≤0.01) in control positive
group as compared to control negative group .There were
nonsignificant differences (p≤0.01) between groups treated with
chard leaves at %10 and %15 to reduce serum glucose level of
hyperlipidemic rats(p≤0.01) ,it means that they have the same
effect .Also rats fed on diet contain 15% chard leaves had the
similar effect to reducing glucose level of hyperlipidemic
rats(p≤0.01)in comparison with healthy rats.
The effect of artichoke leaves showed that all treatment
with artichoke significantly decreased serum glucose level than
control positive group .There were nonsignificant differences
(p≤0.01) between group treated with artichoke leaves at %10
and control negative group , followed by diet contain %5 and
15% artichoke leaves .
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2.4. Seurm Uric acid and Creatinine:-
The effect of chard leaves showed that there was a
significant increase (p≤0.01) in control positive group as
compared with control negative group. All treatments with
chard significantly decreased serum uric acid and creatinine than
control positive group. There were nonsignificant differences
(p≤0.01) between groups treated with chard leaves at %15 chard
leaves group as compared to control negative group. %10 chard
leaves group have nearly nonsignificant differences (p≤0.01) to
reduce serum uric acid level (p≤0.01) in comparison with
healthy rats and also %5 chard leaves group . The mean values
of serum creatinine in groups of rats fed on chard leaves
recorded a significant decrease than control positive group as
the percentage of chard leaves in the diet increased.
The mean values of uric acid and creatinine of rats fed
diets artichoke leaves showed significant increase (p≤0.01) in
control positive group as compared to control negative group for
both of the mean values of serum uric acid and serum creatinine.
All treated groups with artichoke leaves significantly decreased
the levels of serum uric acid and creatinine (p≤0.01) compared
to the control positive group. The best percentage was 15% for
serum uric acid which showed similar effect between control
negative group and 10% artichoke. There were nonsignificantly
(p≤ 0.01) differences between 10% artichoke leaves group and
15% artichoke leaves group to reduce serum creatinine. Also, the
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rats fed on diet contain 10 % artichoke leaves had the similar
effect on reducing the creatinine level of hyperlipidemic rats
(p≤0.01) in comparison with healthy rats which fed on basal
diet.
2.5. GOT, GPT and ALP:-
The effect of chard leaves on GOT,GPT and revealed that
control positive group showed significantly higher(p≤ 0.01 ) in
serum GOT,GPTandALP than control negative group and there
were a significant decrease in serum GOT,GPTandALP of
experimental animals fed on 5,10 and 15 % chard leaves. The
best treatment in lowering serum GOT was observed in rats fed
on 15% chard and the same effect was nearly observed at 10%
chard leaves followed by group fed on 5% chard leaves. Serum
GPT showed that all treated groups significantly decreased of
serum GPT (p≤0.01) compared to the control positive group.
The best result was observed in the group of rats fed on diet
contain %15chard, and as the percentage of chard leaves in the
diet increased the mean values of GPT decreased. The best
mean values of serum ALP was observed in rats fed on 15%
chard leaves which showed nonsignificantly different with
serum ALP of rats fed on 10% artichoke leaves (p≤ 0.01 ) .the
effect of artichoke leaves showed that serum GOT was
significantly different (p≤ 0.01 ) among the different percentage
of artichoke leaves throughout the experimental period. The best
treatment was at 15% artichoke leaves followed by 10%
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artichoke followed by 5% artichoke as compared with control
positive group. The best mean values of serum GPT was
observed in experimental rats fed on 10% artichoke leaves
which were nonsignificantly different (p≤ 0.01) as compared with
experimental rats fed on 15% artichoke leaves and the same
trend was as compared with serum ALP.
2.6. Seurm total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c, and
Triglyceride:-
The effect of chard leaves showed that all treatments with
chard significantly decreased serum total cholesterol, VLDL-c
and Triglyceride than control positive group. Control positive
group showed significantly higher (p≤ 0.01) in serum total
cholesterol, LDL-c, VLDL-c and Triglyceride significantly than
control negative group.15% chard leaves group showed the best
effect to reduce serum total cholesterol as compared with other
percentages, the same result was also observed in serum
LDL-c. Serum total cholesterol and serum LDL-c decreased as
the percentage of chard leaves in the diet increased.
HDL-c showed significant increase (p≤ 0.01) in control negative
group as compared to control positive group. All treatments with
chard increased serum HDL-c. 15% chard leaves was the best
treatment followed by 10% chard leaves to increase the level of
serum HDL-c. nonsignificant difference was observed between
5% chard leaves as compared with control positive group (p≤
0.01). The different level of chard leaves significantly decreased
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serum VLDL-c in comparison to control positive group the best
effect was at 10% chard leaves. There were nonsignificant
difference between 5% and 15% chard leaves in comparison to
control positive group. The best reduction in Triglyceride was
observed in group of rats fed on 10% chard leaves followed by group of
rats fed on 15% chard leaves followed by group of rats fed on 5%.
On the other hand artichoke leaves showed nonsignificant
(p≤0.01) differences between 15% artichoke leaves group and
control negative at serum total cholesterol which were
significantly decreased (p≤0.01) than control positive group,
and it followed by 10 % artichoke leaves group and 5%
artichoke leaves. The mean value of serum HDL-c of control
positive group showed significant decrease (p≤ 0.01 )
comparing with control negative group, diet contain 15%
artichoke leaves was the highest increase in HDL-c while the
lowest increase was observed in treated group with 5%
artichoke leaves, the later showed significant increase (p≤ 0.01 )
comparing with control positive group. Serum LDL-c showed the
opposite trend as compared with serum HDL-c. The mean values of
serum LDL-c decreased as the percentage of artichoke leaves in
the diet increased
The mean value of serum VLDL-c of control positive group
showed significant increases (p≤ 0.01) comparing with control
negative group. There were nonsignificant (p≤0.01) differences
between 10% artichoke leaves and control negative in serum
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VLDL-c. There were nonsignificant (p≤0.01) differences
between rats fed on diet containing 5% artichoke leaves and rats
fed on diet contain 10% artichoke leaves. The mean value of serum
triglyceride of control positive group showed significant
increases (p≤ 0.01 ) comparing with control negative group and
there were nonsignificant (p≤ 0.01) differences were observed
between group fed on diet contain 10 % artichoke leaves and
group fed on diet contain 5 % artichoke leaves.
Nonsignificantly (p≤ 0.01) differences were observed between
group fed on diet contain 10 % artichoke leaves and control
negative group to reduce serum triglyceride, it followed by group
of rats fed on diet contain 5 % artichoke leaves , followed by
group fed on diet contain 15 % artichoke leaves .