الفهرس 
Introduction
I. Mean Performance of Vegetative Growth AttributesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The objectives of this study were to increase wheat productivity and adaptability by identifying and developing genotypes more adapted and stable in production under different environments.
The experiments of this study included ten different environments. Five locations in two growing seasons 2004/2005 and 2005/20066. This study was conducted at the Sids Research Station (clay soil), Mallawy Research station (clay soil), New Valley Research Station (clay loam soil), West Bani Suaif (sandy soil), West El-Minia (sandy soil).
Bread wheat material examined in this study included twenty four genotypes, twenty one lines selected from screening yield trail at Wheat Research Program – Field Crops Research Institute – Agriculture Research Center and three check varieties (Sids1, Giza168, Sakha93). They were grown in six row plots, 3.5m long, 20 cm. apart with four replications using Randomized Complete Block Design in ten environments including combinations of years and locations.
Data recorded in this study, days to heading, days to maturity plant height, spike length, number of spikes per m2, number of kernels per spike, 1000-kernel weight, number of spikelets per spike, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index character.
Standard analysis of variance and combined analysis over all environments for estimating phenotypic stability parameters were performed according to Eberhart and Russell (1966), and genotypic stability according to Tai (1971). The results of the analysis of variance over all ten environments for all studied traits revealed highly significant differences due to environments, genotypes and their interaction.
Vegetative growth characters:
1- Heading date:
a- genotypic effect: wheat genotypes had highly significant differences. Genotypes 13, 14, and 12 had the earliest genotypes under studying, (78.9, 79.45 and 80.18 days, respectively). While genotype No. 18 was latest one 89.53 days.
b- environmental effect: results indicated that environments had highly significant differences for days to heading. Village1 location at in grown season 2004/2005 at West El-Minia (new reclaimed area) was the earliest for heading date. While Mallawy location was the latest one for heading date.
c- genotypic x environmental effect: results indicated that the interaction between genotypes and environments had highly significant differences. Genotypes No. 14 at Village1 in 2005/2005 growing season was the earliest one. While genotype No. 16 at Mallawy in 2005/2006 growing season was the latest one.
2- Maturity date:
a- genotypic effect: genotypes had highly significant effect for this trait. Results showed that genotypes No. 13, 11, 4 and 19 were the earliest ones (123.9, 126.8, 127.1 and 127.7 days respectively). While genotype No. 18 was the latest on ( 136.4 days ).
b- environmental effect: results indicated that environments had highly significant effect. Data showed that village1 at West El-Minia Governorate (new reclaimed area) in 2004/2005 growing season was the earliest ones (111.8 days). While location of Mallawy in 2005/2006 growing season was latest ones (149.7) days.
c- genotypic x environmental effect : highly significant effect was obtained from interaction between genotypes and environments. Results indicated that genotype No. 3 was earliest one (104 days) at sids location in 2004/2005 growing season. While genotype No. 16 and 18 were the latest (156 days) at Sids and Mallawy respectively in 2005/2006 growing season.
3- Plant height:
a- genotypic effect: genotypes had highly significant for plant height character. Results indicated that genotype No. 11had the highest value of plant height (117.7cm). while genotype No. 16 had the lowest value for plant height character 79.5cm.
b- environmenal effect: different environments had the high significant effect for plant height. Results indicated that Sids location in 2005/2006 growing season gave the highest value of plant height character (107.2cm). while Village1 in West El-Minia in 2004/205 growing season was latest ones (79cm).
c-genotypic x environmental effect: interaction between genotpes and environments caused high significant effect of plant height. Results showed that genotype No. 11 gave the highest value (141cm.) at Sids location in 2004/2005 growing season. While genotype No. 16 gave the lowest value (64cm.) at Village5 in 2004/2005 growing season and the same genotype gave same value at Village1 in 2005/2006 season.
4- Spike length:
a- genotypic effect: results indicted that highly significant was obtained from different genotypes. Data showed that genotype No. 16 was the highest value of spike length (12.76cm.). While genotype No. 20 was the lowest value of spike length (8.706cm.).
b- environmental effect: highly significant effect was obtained under different environments. Results showed that New Valley location in 2005/206 was the highest value of spike length (11.3 cm.) while Village5 location in 2004/2005 was the lowest value of spike length (6.9 cm.).
c- genotypic x environmental effect: interaction between genotypes and environments caused high significant for this trait. Results indicated that genotype No. 16 was the highest value of spike length (15.1 cm.) at Sids in 2005/2006 growing season. While genotype No. 20 was the lowest value (6.9 cm.) at Village5 in West Bani Suaif (new reclaimed area) in 2004/2005 season.
Yield and yield component characters
1- Number of spikes per m2:
a- genotypic effect: results indicated that highly significant effect among different genotypes. Genotypes No. 20, 10, 1, 2 and 8 had the highest value of this trait (536.3, 498.7, 487.7, 486.3 and 480.8, respectively). While genotype No. 16 was the lowest value of this trait (296.1 spike/ m2).
b- environmental effect: results indicated that highly significantwere observed under different environments of number of spikes per m2. Mallawy in 2005/2006 was the highest value of this trait (654.9). While New Valley in 2004/2005 season was the lowest value (218 spike/ m2).
c- genotypic x environmental effect: interaction between genotypes and environments caused highly significant differences of this trait. Genotype No.10 was the highest value of this character (745) at Mallawy in 2005/2006 growing season. while genotype No. 14 was the lowest value of this trait (121.5) at New Valley in 2004/2005 growing season.
2- Number of spikelets per spike:
a- genotypic effect: results indicated that genotypes showed high
high significant effect of this trait. No any line surpassed comparable checks varieties.
b- environmental effect: highly significant differences obtained by environments. Results showed that Mallawy location in 2005/2006 was the highest value of this character (22.1 per spike). While Village5 in 2004/2005 was the lowest value (13.7 per spike).
c-genotypic x environmental effect: interaction between genotypes and environments was high significant over all environments. Results showed that genotype No. 24 at Sids in 2004/2005 growing season was the highest value of this trait (25.5 per spike). While genotype No. 1 at Sids in growing 2004/2005 was the lowest value of this trait (10.5 spikelets per spike).
3- Number of kernels per spike:
a- genotypic effect: different genotypes had highly significant for this character. Results indicated that genotypes No.17, 11, 16 and 19 gave the highest values (65.08, 62.65, 56.87 and 55.44, respectively). While genotype No. 1 was the lowest value of this character 42.898 per spike.
b- environmental effect: results indicated that highly significant effect was obtained from different environments. Results showed that Mallawy location in 2005/206 season showed the highest value (59.4) while the lowest value obtained from Village5 at West Bani Suaif in 2004/2005 growing season (36.475 kernel per spike).
c- genotypeic x environmental effect: highly significant effect was obtained from this interaction. Results indicated that genotype No. 17 at Sids location in 2004/2005 growing season gave the highest value (82.1). While genotype No. 20 at Village 5 in 2004/2005 growing season gave the lowest value (30.6 kernel per spike).
4- 1000- kernel weight:
a- genotypic effect: genotypes had high significant for this character. Results revealed that genotypes No. 13, 18, 7 and 11 had the highest value of this trait (58.1, 51.9, 51.3 and 51 gms. Respectively). While genotype No. 10 was the lowest value of this trait 40.1 gms.).
b- environmental effect: differences of environments caused highly significant for this trait. Results showed that Village5 2005/2006 was the highest value of this trait (53.1gms.) while New Valley in 2004/2005 growing season was the lowest value of this trait 41.0 gms.).
c- genotypic x environmental effect: this interaction caused high significant. Results indicated that genotype No. 11 at Village5 in 2005/2006 season was the highest value (68.9 gms.) while genotype No. 20 at Sids in 2004/2005 growing season was the lowest value of this trait (40.7 gms.)
5- Grain yield:
a- genotypic effect: differences of wheat genotypes had highly significantly for this character. Results revealed that genotypes No. 7, 9, 4, 1, 5, 3 and 20 were the highest value of economic yield 3.16, 3.02, 3.01, 2.96, 2.96, 2.93 and 2.92 ton/fed. respectively). while genotype No. 13 was the lowest value (2.15 ton/fed.)
b- environmental effect: differences of environments had highly significantly differences for economic yield trait. Data showed that Sids location in 2005/2006 season was the highest value of this trait (4.44 ton/fed.) while New Valley location in 2005/2006 season was the lowest value of economic yield 1.31 ton/fed.)
c- genotypic x environmental effect: interaction between genotypes and environments was highly significant for economic yield. Results indicated that genotype No. 7 at Sids in 2004/2005 growing season was the highest value of this trait (5.79 ton/fed.) while genotype No. 13 at New Valley location in 2005/2006 was the lowest value of this trait (0.92 ton/fed.)
6- Straw yield:
a- genotypic effect: different wheat genotypes had the highly significant of straw yield trait. Results showed that genotype No. 22, 20, 21 and 15 were the highest value of straw yield (5.99, 5.74, 5.73 and 5.51 ton/fed.)respectively. while genotypes No. 16, 14, 13 and 18 were the lowest value of straw yield trait (4.294, 4.991, 4.994 and 5.00 ton/fed. respectively).
b- environmental effect: highly significant obtained from different environments. Results showed that Mallawy in 2004/2005 growing season gave the highest value of straw yield/fed 8.140 ton/fed. while New Valley in 2005/2006 growing season gave the lowest value of straw yield (2.75 ton/fed.)
c- genotypic x environmental effect: interaction between genotypes and environments was high significant for this trait. Data showed that genotype No. 22 (Sids1) at mallawy in 2004/2005 growing season gave the highest value of this trait (9.99 ton/fed.) while genotype No. 24 (Sakha93) at New Valley in 2005/2006 growing season gave the lowest value of this trait (1.76 ton/fed.).
7- Harvest index:
a- genotypic effect: different genotypes had high significant differences for this trait. Results showed that genotypes No. 4, 7, 3, 5 and 7 had high value of harvest index character 0.380, 0.372, 0.366, 0.364, and 0.36 respectively. On the other respect genotype No. 13 was the lowest value of this trait 0.302.
b- environmental effect: different environments had high significant for this trait. Results showed that Sids location in 2004/2005 growing season was the highest value of harvest index 0.39933. while Mallawy location in 2004/2005 growing season was the lowest value of harvest index 0.27413.
c- genotypeic x environmental effect: interaction between genotypes and environments caused highly significant differences. Results revealed that genotype No. 7 at Sids location in 2004/2005 was the highest value of harvest index 0.487. While genotype No. 9 at Mallawy location in 2004/2005 growing season was the lowest value of harvest index 0.235.
Concerning mean performance with phenotypic and genotypic stability, results obtained showed that:-
1- Phenotypic stability of grain yield trait: results showed that genotypes No.1 and 24 (Sakha93) were the stable also genotype No.1 was the highest value of grain yield comparing with the check varieties 2.96 ton/fed.
2- Phenotypic stability of straw yield trait: results indicated that genotypes No. 8 and 18 were stable according Eberhart and Russell (1966). Concerning mean performance, genotype No. 8 had mean performance greater than only one check variety Sakha93. While genotype No. 18 was lowest than all checks varieties.
3- Phenotypic stability of harvest index trait: results showed that genotypes No. 3, 6, 10, 14, 21 and 22 were most stable and values of harvest index were 0.3658, 0.36, 0.3545, 0.35, 0.3273 and 0.321 respectively, genotypes No. 3 and 6 were superior of harvest index than all check varieties and genotypes No. 10 and 14 were superior of harvest index than two check varieties (Sids1 and Giza168). While genotype No. 1 was superior of harvest index than Sids1.
4- Phenotypic stability of days to heading trait: results showed that most of wheat genotypes were stable except genotypes No. 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17 and 18. genotypes No.15 had favorable mean performance of days to heading than two check varieties Sids 1 and Giza 168. While genotypes No. 2, 3, 4 and 8 had favorable mean performance of this trait comparing with Sids1 (83.7, 38.6, 83.9 and 83.9 days respectively).
5- Phenotypic stability of plant height trait: Results showed that most wheat genotypes were stable except genotypes No. 11, 13 and 23. genotype No. 21 had high mean performance of plant height (103.3 cm.) than two check varieties namely Giza168 and Sakha93. While genotypes No. 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 15 were superior of plant height than Sahka93 only these were (94.5, 91.7, 90.6, 89.3, 89.6, 91.7 and 95.0 respectively).
Concerning genotypic stability of wheat genotypes under studied according to Tai (1971) analysis.
1- Genotypic stability of grain yield: results indicated that all different genotypes didn’t stable except genotypes No. 1 and 24 which showed below average stability.
2- Genotypic stability of straw yield: results showed that all genotypes didn’t stable except genotypes No. 8 and 18 which above average stability.
3- Genotypic stability of harvest index: results showed that genotypes No. 3, 6 and 10 were below average stability and genotypes No. 14 and 22 were above average stability. While genotype No. 21 was perfect stability. On the other hand, other wheat genotypes were unstable.
4- Genotypic stability of days to heading: results showed that genotypes No. 8, 2, 19, 10, 21, 15, 1 and 9 were below average stability and genotypes No. 3, 4, 23, 6 and 5 were above average stability. While genotype No. 7 and 20 were perfect stability. On the other side, the rest of lines were unstable.
5- Genotypic stability of plant height: results showed that genotypes No. 24, 21, 12 and 22 were below average stability and genotypes No. 9, 4, 6, 20, 8, 18, 5 and 14 were above average stability. While genotypes No. 3, 19, 10, 15 and 7 were perfect stability. others wheat genotypes hadn’t any degree of genetic stability according Tai (1971).