الفهرس 
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Abstract
Superconductivity is the phenomenon which describes a new phase of material in which its resistance drops to an immeasurable small value. The new phase is called superconducting phase. A perfect superconductor is a material that exhibits two characteristic properties, namely zero electrical resistivity and perfect diamagnetism when it is cooled below a particular temperature called the superconducting transition temperature Tc. Figure 1.1 shows the electrical and magnetic behavior of superconductor material. At higher temperatures, above Tc, it behaves like a normal metal, figure 1.1(a).