الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Total parenteral nutrition is the provision of all nutrient requirements intravenously to patients without the use of gastrointestinal tract
The development of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as a practical clinical proposition came in the 1960s when safe techniques were found for the administration of hypertonic nutritient into the superior vena cava.
IV nutrition aims at achieving nutritional homeostasis in patients whose metabolic demands can not be met by enteral supplementation alone when the alimentary tract is obstructed or too short or fistulated.
For centuries it has been recognized that malnutrition has a dverse effects on the well being and recovery of patients.
In this easy adverse effects of malnutrition, assessment of the nutritional status, methods, techniques and nutrient solution are discussed. Methods of administration of TPN and nutrient solutions vary from one intuition to another for satisfactory sufficient diet and calories to patients.
The most serious complications of paraenteral nutrition such as catheter related sepsis and venous thrombosis could be minimized with recent researches and studies.
It is very important to monitor patients receiving total parenteral nutrition as measurement of body weight, volume of infusion, urine output with plasma albumin blood glucose and haemoglobin. These previous data acte as an essential role in the management of TPN and maintain body mass to patients.