الفهرس يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Several articles [1-4] were published to review both the history and the
fundamentals of integrated optics. Optical communication systems are based
on three principle directions; the first direction is the optical fiber analysis and
fabrication where it acts as a propagation medium for guiding optical waves
because the atmospheric variations cause undesirable changes in the optical
characteristics of the path from instant to instant. The second direction is the
laser source and its modem technology. The third direction is the integrated
optical waveguides and its application for constructing the optical devices
such as; modulators, switches, filters, directional couplers, ... etc. toward the
design of integrated optics.
The area of integrated optics has been concerned with studying the
phenomenon of light guided along and controlled by thin dielectric films or
strips. The wavelengths of interest are mostly between 0.1~ and 10 urn. For
wavelengths much greater than 1 0 urn, Le. in the millimeter region and
beyond, metallic wave-guiding techniques of the microwave variety have
provided a more efficient technology. For wavelengths around 0.1 urn or
smaller, the absence of suitable sources and the presence of large absorption
and scattering losses impose limitations on the practical use of the wave
guiding effects. But the modem laser diodes have been used as optical sources
that have been fabricated using GaInAsPIInP at wavelength 1.55 Jll11. So, the
useful range of operating wavelengths can be considered between 0.5 urn to
1.7~.
Voltage induced optical waveguide (one type from the four optical
waveguides fabrications) is formed” by placing planar electrodes on
electrooptic waveguides, as shown in Fig. 1.1.