الفهرس 
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Abstract
VI- Summary
The present work dealt with the molecular systematic and phylogenetic studies of the polymorphic species, Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, in Egypt.
Our study is considered as the first attempt to combine two taxonomic studies (numerical phenetic method and RAPD molecular analysis) to show the advantages of the combination against one-dimensional taxonomy (phenetic method or RAPD technique).
VI. 1- Numerical phenetic taxonomy:
In the present study, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. and its 13 aberrations are collected from 10 geographical regions from Lower and Upper Egypt and characterized to reveal the main phenotypic features.
The thirteen aberrations of C. undecimpunctata L. are found as a result including 5 new aberrations, ab.4, ab.9, ab.10, ab.11 & ab.13. The aberration ab. brevifasciata Weise – ab.5 is newly recorded in Egypt.
This work applied the numerical phenetic taxonomy and used the correlations between all the aberrations for morphometric measures to obtain a phenogram and PCA plot (Principal component analysis) representative of phenetic similarities and affinities among the aberrations.
Numerical phenetic method was applied by using the computer-program ”PROBIOSYS” [version, 1.0, (2003] on both sexes of adult stages of all morphs (OTUs, Operational Taxonomic Units). A total of 55 morphological characters (110 characters states) were chosen to determine the degree of similarities & affinities, relative positions and relationships between the aberrations. The obtained phenogram (Fig. 9) is clearly differentiated the morphs into (nine main clusters) including five independent clusters.
VI. 2- Molecular Studies (RAPD-PCR):
RAPD fingerprint profiles were generated by using random primers on genomic DNA of all the aberrations to evaluate their phenetic relationships and to investigate the molecular markers among the aberrations genotypes.
The genetic variability of the populations of one morph (ab. aegyptiaca – ab.1) collected from 10 geographical regions from Lower and Upper Egypt was assayed to verify the identity of these populations in Egypt and to quantify the genetic diversity within the population and monitor the spatial foraging as well as to differentiate among the populations of the morph (ab.1).
The RAPD- PCR technique is fast, cheap and easy to perform in a short time. This technique has one major advantage over other methods used for studying genetic variability, where RAPD markers do not require prior knowledge of a DNA sequence to identify the genetic polymorphism.
Five primers (C07, C15, C16, C18 and K15) were used for RAPD analysis. An average of 16 bands within a range of 12-24 bands was obtained for each primer in 14 morphs of C. undecimpunctata genotypes. Of a total of 80 clear and reproducible bands, 75 were polymorphic. The sizes of most amplified DNA fragments ranged from 130 to 1864 bp. The fragments of DNA generated by using arbitrary primers were analyzed by the similarity coefficient. The values ranged from 23% to 100%.
In the comparison between both phenograms which produced from RAPD data by using 5 random primers and from morphometric data respectively, the 14 morphs are grouped into 8 clusters from the RAPD-phenogram against 9 clusters are obtained from the other phenogram. The PCA from RAPD data by using 5 random primers in this work allowed to differentiate four groups in comparison to three groups can be observed from the PCA based on morphometric data.