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Abstract developments in computer and space technologies continue to supply new tools that are becoming necessary for decision making in daily administrative and planning applications furthermore these tools are used to improve the quality of life and to preserve the environment. computer aided drafting/design (CAD) geographic information systems ( GIS) global positioning systems (GPS) laser scanning radar digital photogrammetry and in the last few years 3D city modeling are different tooling some of them were started as early as the 1960s and becoming the cornerstones for many engineering applications. |