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Abstract
A bacteriological study was carried out in three dairy farms in Assiut province to detect the possible role of the environment in the incidence of calf diarrhoea during the period between June 2003 and June 2004.
A total of 366 samples from faecal matter of calves and dairy cows, teat apices of dairy cows as well as air, water and soil samplesfrom both calf pens and cow houses were collected from the dairy farms of Faculty of Agriculture, Abnob Elhammam and Beni-Morr.
The collected faecal samples (133 samples) were; 25 faecal samples from newborn calves (18 swabs from apparently healthy calves and 7 swabs from diarrhoeic calves); 58 faecal samples from unweaned calves (49 swabs from apparently healthy calves and 9 swabs from diarrhoeic calves) and 50 faecal samples from dairy dams (23 faecal swabs from recent parturient cows and 27 faecal swabs from dairy cows). Also from the same cows 50 teat apex samples were collected (23 teat swabs from recent parturient cows and 27 teat swabs from dairy cows).
Moreover, a total of 183 environmental samples were taken from calf and dairy dam houses; 61 air samples (20 samples from newborn calf houses; 21 samples from unweaned calf houses and 20 samples from dairy dam houses); 61 water troughs samples (20 samples collected from water troughs of newborn calf houses; 21 samples from unweaned calf houses and 20 samples from dairy dam houses) and 61 samples from earthy soil or floor swab (20 swabs from newborn calf houses; 21 swabs from unweaned calf houses and 20 floor swabs and soil samples from dairy dam houses).
All environmental samples were examined bacteriologically using the total colony (viable) count; total coliform count and isolation of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria in air, water and soil samples from animal houses. However, faecal swabs from calves as well as faecal and teat swabs from dairy dams were subjected for isolation of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria.
Correlation between all microorganisms isolated from faecal samples of calves and those isolated from faecal and teat samples of dairy dams; air, water and soil samples (surrounding environment) were studied. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the prevailing temperature and relative humidity on the bacterial flora were clarified.
Bacteriological examination illustrated the incidence of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms in faecal samples of newly born apparently healthy and diarrhoeic calves at the three examined farms as, E.coli (66.66% and 85.71%), Salmonellae species (0% and 14.28%), Clostridium perfringens (0% and 42.28%), Streptococcus durans (5.56% and 0%), Citrobacter freundi (11.11% and 0%), Citrobacter diversus (16.67% and 0%), Enterobacter cloacae (27.77% and 0%), Klebsiella oxytoca (22.22% and 14.28%), Proteus vulgaris (11.11% and 28.57%), Proteus mirabilis (27.77% and 28.57%), Providencia species (16.67% and 28.57%), Edwardsiella tarda (5.56% and 0%) and Serratia species (0% and 14.28%), respectively,
However, microorganisms isolated from faecal samples of unweaned apparently healthy and diarrhoeic calves were, E.coli (85.71% and 100%), Streptococcus fecalis var fecalis and Streptococcus fecalis var liquefaciens (each of them was 4.08% and 0%), Streptococcus fecalis var zymogenes (2.04% and 11.11%), Streptococcus faecium (0% and 11.11%), Streptococcus durans (4.08% and 11.11%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.24% and 0%), Shigella species (0% and 11.11%), Arizona species (2.04% and 11.11%), Citrobacter freundi (8.16% and 22.22%), Citrobacter diversus (18.36% and 22.22%), Enterobacter cloacae (12.24% and 11.11%), Enterobacter aerogenes (6.12% and 0%), Hafnia alvei (2.04% and 11.11%), Klebsiella oxytoca (8.16% and 11.11%), Proteus vulgaris (8.16% and 11.11%), Proteus mirabilis (12.24% and 22.22%), Providencia species (6.12% and 0%), Edwardsiella tarda and Serratia species each of them was (4.08% and 0%), respectively.
The percentage of isolated microorganisms from faecal samples of recent parturient and dairy cows were, E.coli (78.26% and 74.07%), Salmonellae species (4.35% and 0%), Streptococcus faecalis var fecalis (4.35% and 0%), Streptococcus faecalis var liquefaciens (0% and 3.7%), Streptococcus faecalis var zymogenes (0% and 7.4%), Streptococcus faecium (4.35% and 3.7%), Streptococcus durans (0% and 3.7%), Pseudomonas species (8.69% and 11.11%), Shigella species (0% and 3.7%), Arizona species (4.35% and 0%), Citrobacter freundi (17.39% and 3.7%), Citrobacter diversus (4.35% and 22.22%), Enterobacter cloacae (17.39% and 14.81%), Enterobacter aerogenes (4.35% and 7.4%), Hafnia alvei (4.35% and 3.7%), Klebsiella oxytoca (4.35% and 11.11%), Proteus vulgaris (4.35% and 3.7%), Proteus mirabilis (4.35% and 0%), Morgonella morgani (0% and 3.7%), Providencia species (17.39% and 0%) and Serratia species (0% and 3.7%), respectively.
The incidence of isolated microorganisms from teat apices of recent parturient and dairy cows were, E.coli (73.91% and 55.55%), Clostridium perfringens and Streptococcus faecalis var fecalis (4.35% and 0%) each, Streptococcus faecalis var liquefaciens (4.35% and 3.7%), Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus durans (0% and 7.4%) each, Shigella species (0% and 3.7%), Citrobacter freundi (8.69% and 11.11%), Citrobacter diversus (13.04% and 14.81%), Enterobacter cloacae (4.35% and 14.81%), Enterobacter aerogenes (0% and 3.7%), Klebsiella oxytoca (4.35% and 3.7%), Klebsiella pneumonia (4.35% and 0%), Proteus vulgaris (8.69% and 11.11%), Proteus mirabilis (8.69% and 3.7%), Morgonella morgani (4.35% and 0%), Providencia species (4.35, 3.7%) and Serratia species (8.69% and 3.7%), respectively.
Bacteriological examination of air samples inside houses of newborn calves, unweaned calves and dairy cows revealed the isolation of, E.coli (30%, 52.38% and 40%), Streptococcus fecalis var fecalis (5%, 0% and 5%), Streptococcus fecalis var liquefaciens (0%, 9.52% and10%), Streptococcus fecalis var zymogenes (0%, 4.76% and 0%), Streptococcus faecium (0%, 4.76% and 5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%, 9.52% and 0%), Shigella species (0%, 4.76% and 0%), Citrobacter freundi (15%, 9.52% and20%), Citrobacter diversus (15%, 14.28% and 0%), Enterobacter cloacae (10%, 14.28% and 5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (5%, 4.76% and15%), Klebsiella oxytoca (5%, 4.76% and 5%), Klebsiella pneumonia (5%, 9.52% and 0%), Proteus vulgaris (10%, 4.76% and15%), Proteus mirabilis (0%, 0% and 5%), Providencia species (0%, 0% and 5%) and Serratia species (20%, 0% and 5%), respectively,
The incidence of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms isolated from water trough samples inside houses of newborn calves, unweaned calves and dairy cows were, E.coli (45%, 71.42% and 50%), Clostridium perfringens (15%, 0% and 0%), Streptococcus fecalis var fecalis (15%, 0% and 0%), Streptococcus fecalis var zymogenes (0%, 4.76% and 10%), Streptococcus faecium (0%, 9.52% and 0%), Streptococcus durans (5%, 0%, 15%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%, 23.8% and 15%), Arizona species (5%, 0% and 5%), Citrobacter freundi (20%, 19.4% and 25%), Citrobacter diversus (15%, 38.09% and 35%), Enterobacter cloacae (15%, 14.28% and 10%), Enterobacter aerogenes (0%, 9.52% and 15%), Klebsiella oxytoca (10%, 14.28% and 10%), Klebsiella pneumonia (15%, 14.28% and 20%), Proteus vulgaris (5%, 19.04% and 0%), Proteus mirabilis (15%, 14.28% and 5%), Providencia species (5%, 0% and 5%) and Serratia species (10%, 9.52% and 15%), respectively.
The bacteriological investigation of soil and floor samples inside houses of newborn calves, unweaned calves and dairy cows revealed the isolation of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms as, E.coli (75%, 80.95% and 75%), Salmonellae species (0%, 0%, 5%), Clostridium perfringens (20%, 0%, 10%), Streptococcus fecalis var fecalis (15%, 0% and 10%), Streptococcus fecalis var liquefaciens (0%, 0% and 5%), Streptococcus fecalis var zymogenes (5%, 9.52% and 0%), Streptococcus faecium (0%, 0% and 5%), Streptococcus durans (0%, 4.76%, 5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0%, 0% and 10%), Arizona species (0%, 0% and 10%), Citrobacter freundi (25%, 38.09% and 30%), Citrobacter diversus (30%, 19.04% and 30%), Enterobacter cloacae (5%, 33.33% and 10%), Enterobacter aerogenes (0%, 0% and 10%), Hafnia alvei (5%, 4.76%, 5%), Klebsiella oxytoca (10%, 9.52% and 10%), Klebsiella pneumonia (5%, 9.52% and 0%), Proteus vulgaris (20%, 28.57% and 10%), Proteus mirabilis (10%, 14.28% and 5%), Morgonella morgani (0%, 4.76% and 0%)Providencia species (5%, 19.04% and 5%) and Serratia species (5%, 4.76% and 5%), respectively.
The most common microorganisms responsible for neonatal calf diarrhoea isolated from faecal matter of diarrhoeic calves were E.coli and Clostridium perfringens. It was noticed that faeces of dams may be considered as the main source of E.coli which contaminate teat apex as well as the surrounding environment of calves (air, water and soil).
The present study pointed out that there is a positive correlation between percentages of microorganisms isolated from faecal samples of calves and those isolated from faecal and teat samples of dairy dams. Moreover, this correlation sweeps to air, water and soil samples from the surrounding environment. In addition, a positive correlation was found between percentages of microorganisms isolated from teat apices and air, water and soil samples of dairy cow byres.
The overall mean of the total colony count and total coliform count of air samples from newborn calf pens, unweaned calf houses and dairy byres were (94.95 xl03 and 56.3x l02), (286.51x l03 and 122.2 x l02) and (2011.31 x l03 and 308.7x l02) colony forming unit, respectively. However, the overall means of total colony count and total coliform count of water troughs of in the latter houses were (8620.43x l04 and 54.01x l03), (5244.2x l04 and 173.7x l03) and (158.5x l04 and 20.3x l03) colony forming unit, respectively. Concerning the overall mean of total colony counts and total coliform count of floor (per 100 cm) or soil (per g) samples inside newborn calf pens, unweaned calf houses and dairy byres the value were (2570.46X107 and 272.63 x l04), (2961.58 x107 and 875.17 x l04) and (17.06x1011 and 340.33x l04) colony forming unit, respectively.
The present investigation elucidated a positive correlation (significant and highly significant) between environmental temperature and total colony count of air, water and soil from newly born calf houses (0.558*, 0.632** and 0.638**, respectively). On the other hand, non-significant correlation was observed between total colony count of the same samples from newly born calf houses and relative humidity.
Concerning unweaned calf houses, a positive correlation was detected between environmental temperature and total colony count of air and soil (0.853** and 0.527*, respectively). However, a negative correlation was concluded in the present study between total colony count of the same samples and relative humidity (-0.748** and -0.458*). In addition, there was a non-significant correlation between the recorded temperature and relative humidity on total colony count of water troughs of unweaned calf houses.
It is noticed from the present investigation that, there are a positive correlation between total colony count of air, water and soil from dairy cow byres (0.717**, 0.538* and 0.574**, respectively) and environmental temperature. In addition, a negative correlation was clarified between total colony count of the latter samples (-0.659**, -0.445* and -0.539, respectively) and relative humidity.