الفهرس 
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Abstract
-One field experiment was carried out at Mariut Research Station,
Desert Research Center, Egypt during the two successive seasons
1994/1995 and 1995/1996 to evaluate two safflower (Carthamus tinctorius
L.) varieties under different levels of mineral nitrogen and phosphorus and
bio-fertilizer (nitrogen fixation and phosphate dissolving bacteria).
The soil of the experiments is calcareous (27.06% CaC03) with a
sandy loam texture, a very low organic matter content (0.37) and pH value
(8.20).
Each experiment included 32 treatments which were the combination
between the two varieties (Giza 1 and Aceitera), four treatments of nitrogen .
(zero, biofertilizer, 30 and 60 kg N/fed) as ammonium sulphate 20.6% N
and four treatments of phosphorus (zero, biofertilizer, 15.5 and 31.0 kg
P20S/fed) as calcium superphosphate.
The experimental design was split-split plot with four replication,
where the two varieties were arranged at random in main plot, the levels of
nitrogen were assigned at random within the sub-plot, while the P-Ievels
were randomly distributed in the sub-sub plots. The sub-sub plot area was
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10.5 m2.
Results could be summarized as follows :
I. Effect of Varieties :
1. Growth characters and petal yield:
1. TIle two varieties (Giza 1 and Aceitera) showed no significant
differences in stem length and stem diameter in both successive seasons
except at 120 days in the second one. The local variety (Giza 1) was
significantly surpassed the exotic variety (Aceitera) in the two studies
growth i.e. stem length and stem diameter.
2. The number of leaves/plant of two varieties was significant only at later
stage of growth (120 days from sowing) in the second season. The
higher number of leaves/plant was recorded by local variety (Giza 1) as
compared to exotic one (Aceitera).
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3. Leaf area/plant was not significantly affected by the two differents
varieties, except at later stage (120 days) in the second season. The
high value was recorded by Giza 1 as compared with Aceitera.
4. Local variety Giza 1 was significantly surpassed the exotic variety
(Aceitera) in leaf area index at 120 days from sowing in the second
season.
5. Specific leaf weight and number of leaves for head production were not
affected by two different varieties at all stages in the two successive
seasons.
6. Varieties exhibited highly significant differences in leaves/stem and
branches ratio only at later growth stage (120 days from sowing) for
both seasons. The greatest value in the first season was obtained from
local variety and from exotic variety in the. second one.
7. There were significant differences between two studied varieties in
fresh and dry weight of stem in the samples taken after 120 days from
sowing in both successive seasons.
8. There were significant differences in fresh and dry weight of leaves/
plant in the sample taken at 120 days from sowing in both season.
9. Fresh and dry weight of petal yield was not significantly affected by the
two tested varieties for both season.
2. Seed yield and its components:
1. Local variety Giza 1 recorded high number ofheads/plant in the two
successive seasons as compared with the exotic variety Aceitera, but
the differences was not significant in the first season.
2. There was not significant differences between the two evaluated
varieties in head weight in both seasons. However, the local variety
Giza 1 recorded higher values in the two successive seasons.
3. The two varieties had a significant effect on head diameter of safllower
only in the first season. The local variety produced chick diameter than
obtained from the exotic variety.
4. Seeds number/head behaved the same trend as that of head diameter.
However the local variety was superior on the exotic one in both
seasons.
5. Statistical analysis show significant different in seeds weight/head as
affected by the two studied varieties. The high mean values were
recorded by, local variety in the two growth seasons as compared with
exotic variety (Aceitera) which produced the low value.
6. 1000-seed weight, the exotic variety (Aceitera) surpassed the local
variety (Giza 1) in two successive seasons, but the difference was not
significant in the first one.
7. Seed yield kg/fed, exotic variety produced the high seed yield in the
first season while the low yield was obtained from local variety without
significant differences. In the second season, opposite resulted was
obtained whereas the local variety resulted the high value and the
exotic one low value and the differencebetween them was significant.
3. Oil yield and chemicalcontents:
1. Protein, phosphorus and oil percentage in seeds were not affected by
the two different varieties in both seasons.
2. There was significant difference between two varieties in the first
season only in oil yield kg/fed whereas the exotic variety produced high
oil yield. However in the second season the local variety Giza 1
recorded the high oil yield, but tills differencewas not significant.
II. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer:
1. Growth characters and petal yield:
1. Stem length was not significantly affected by the four nitrogen
treatments at 90 and 120 days from sowing in the first season, but this
character was significantlyaffected by nitrogen fertilization (30 and 60
kg N/fed) in the second one.
2. Stem diameter was significantly affected by nitrogen supply for both
seasons at all sampling dates except at 90 days from planting in the first
season. However, the differencesbetween the low mineral ofN (30 kg
N/fed) and the nitrogen fixation did not reach to the 50/0 level of
significant.
3. No. ofleaves/plant was significantlyaffected only at early age (60 days from planting in the first season and at later age (120 days from
planting) in the second season, 60 kg N/fed produced the higher value
of no. of leaves/plant in both seasons at two significant sample, but the
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differences between the low mineral level and nitrogen fixation were
not significant.
4. Leaf. area/plant was significantly affected by nitrogen treatment in the
first sample for the first season and in the third sample for the second
one. The high level of mineral nitrogen produced the increases in leaf
area/plant as compared with other treatments.
5. Specific leaf weight in the two successive growth seasons for each
sampling date i.e. 60, 90 and 120 days from sowing were not
significantly affected by nitrogen application.
6. No. of leaves for head production was significantly affected by nitrogen
treatments only in the third sample for the second’season. The high
value was obtained from nitrogen fixation as compared with using
mineral nitrogen as well as the nil nitrogen treatment.
7. Leaves/stem and branches ratio was significantly affected by nitrogen
supply at age (120 days) for both seasons. Thegreat value was
obtained when plant received 60 kg N/fed to following by N-fixation
and without nitrogen treatment respectively.
8. The fresh weight of stem and branches was affected by nitrogen
fertilizer only at later age in the second season where it was significant
great with nitrogen adding up to 60 kg N/fed.
9. Fresh weight of leaves was significantly affected by using nitrogen
application in third sample for both season and in the second sample in
the second one. Raising nitrogen supply up to 60 kg N/fed increased
significantly the leaf fresh weight. The comparison between nitrogen-
fixation and using the low mineral level (30 kg N/fed) was not
significant at third sampe1 for both seasons.
10. Leaves dry weight was significant affected by nitrogen treatments at
the third sample in the second season. The high significant value was
resulted when plants were received 60 kg N/fed, as compared with
nitrogen fixation and control. The differences between nitrogen fixation
and the low level of mineral nitrogen (30 kg N/fed) did not reach to the
5% level of significance .
.11. There was a significant differences in fresh and dry weight of petal
yield as affected by mineral nitrogen fertilizer for the second season, it
was increased with increasing N-Ievel up to 60 kg N/fed.
2. Seed yield and its components:
1. Heads number/plant was significantly increased with mineral nitrogen
supply as compared with N-fixation. The highest value was obtained
when plant recieved 30 kg N/fed.
2. Mineral nitrogen caused the depression in head weight for both
seasons, whereas the highest value was obtained from N-fixation.
3. There was no relevance between different treatment of nitrogen and
head diameter for both seasons.
4. Seeds numberlhead was not significant affected by all treatments of nitrogen for both growth seasons.
5. Seeds weightlhead was no significant differences between the nitrogen
treatments.
6. The weight of 1000-seed was not significantly affected by nitrogen
fertilizer for both seasons.
7. Nitrogen fertilizer exhibited significant effect on seed yield kg/fed in the second season and insignificant in the first one. It is evident that
seed yield gradually increased up to 60 kg N/fed in the two successive
seasons. 3. Oil yield and chemical contents:
1. The differences in protein 0,10 were significantfor both seasons, with
regard to this chemical content, there was a gradually increasing
nitrogen supply up to 60 kg N/fed.
2. Phosphorus % in seeds of safllower was not affected by nitrogen
fertilizer for both season.
3. The oil percentage was significantaffected by nitrogen application in
the second season.
4. Nitrogen treatment significant effected on oil yield in the second
season.
III. Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer:
1. Growth characters and petal yield:
1. There are no significant differencesbetween phosphorus treatments on
\\’ stem length except at later age for second season, the differences
between (PDB) and the low mineral level were not significant.
2. Results obtained that there are no relevance between the phosphorus
fertilizer as mineral or (PDB) and stem diameter.
3. The number of leaves/plant was significantly affected by phosphorus
application only in the first season at age 120 days. Treatments could
be arranged in a descending order as following 31.0, 15.5 kg P205/fed
and phosphate solubilizing without significant.
4. Leaf area/plant was significantly affected by phosphorus application
only in the first season at age 120 days. The highest values were
attributed from 31 kg P20S/fed as following by phosphate solubilizing
without significant.
5. Leaf area index and specific leaf weight were not significantly affected
by phosphorus fertilizer for both seasons. 6. No. of leaves for bead production was significantly affected by
phosphorus fertilizer at 120 days from planting in the first season, as
compared to control.
7. Leaf/stem and branches ratio was not affected by phosphorus fertilizer
at all samples taken for both seasons.
8. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in stem and
branches fresh and dry weight by different so~ce of phosphorus
fertilization except at 90 days from sowing. Raising phosphorus supply
from 15.5 to 31.0 kg P20S/fed was significantly increased stem +
branches fresh weight in the first season, but without significant in the
second one. Dry weight of stem + branches the differences between
15.5 and 31.0 kg P20S/fed were not significant for two seasons.
9. Fresh weight of leaves were significantly affected by phosphorus
fertilization only at early age (60 days) in the first season and at later
age (120 days) in the second one. The highest value was observed by
using 15.5 kg P205/fed for the early age, but in the second season the
highest value was attained from seed inoculated with (PDB).
10. Phosphorus application significantly affected on leaves dry weight as
compared to without fertilizer at later age (120 days from sowing) for
both seasons.
11. There is no significant differences between the studied treatment on the
fresh and dry weight of petal yield kg/fed in the two successive
seasons.2. Seed yield and its components:1. Treatment of phosphorus fertilizer had no significant effect on heads
number/plant.
2. The effect of phosphorus fertilizer had no significant effect on head
weight for both seasons.
3. Head diameter was not significant effected by the different source of
phosphorus fertilizer.
4. The significant difference between the phosphorus treatments in seeds
number/head in the first season. The highest value was obtained from
seed inoculated by phosphate dissolvingbacteria and it was significant
declined by using phosphorus supply at 15.5 kg P20S/fed and 31 kg
P20s/fed and the difference between them were not significant.
5. Seeds weightlhead for both seasons were not significant by all
treatments of phosphorus.
6. Weight of IOOO-seed was not significant by the treatment of
phosphorus.7. Seed yield kg/fed was not affected by adding different levels of
phosphorus and using PDB, under two growth seasons.
3. Oil yield and chemical contents :
1. Protein percentage was significantly affected by phosphorus fertilizer
only in the first season. Protein % significantly increased by using the
two mineral phosphorus as well as (PDP) as compared with control
treatment, but the difference between these three treatments were not
significant.
2. Phosphorus percentage was significantly increased by phosphorus
fertilizer in both growth seasons. The high value of phosphorus was
recorded by using (PDB).
3. Oil percentage was not significantly affected by different treatments of
phosphorus fertilizer under the two growth seasons. -
4. Oil yield kg/fed was not significantly affected by different treatments of
phosphorus fertilizer under the two growth seasons.
N. Effect of the Interaction:
1. Varieties x Nitrogen:
This interaction had significant only on : 1. Stem diameter at age 120 days from planting for:first season, whereas
the highest was observed from 60 kg N with Aceitera.
2. Number of leaves/plant at 60 days from sowing in the second season,
the high number was recorded when using N-fixation with Giza 1.
3. Number ofleaves/plant at 120 days from sowing in the second season,-
the high number was observed from 60 kg N with Giza 1.
4. Leaves fresh weight at 120 days from sowing in t\1e first season,
whereas the highest was recorded when using N-fixation with Giza 1.
S. Protein percentage of safilower seed in the first season was higher
when using 30 kg N/fed with Giza 1.
2. Varieties x Phosphorus:
This interaction had significant only on : 1. Specific leaf weight at 120 days from sowing in the second season,
whereas the highest value was observed from 31 kg P20s/fed with
Aceitera.
2. Dry weight of leaves at 120 days from sowing in the second season
was higher when using 15.5 kg P20S/fed with Giza 1.
3. Fresh weight of petal yield in the first season was higher when using
15.5 kg P20s/fed with Giza 1.
4. Dry weight of petal yield was recorded by Aceitera variety with
control. 5. Heads number/plant in the first season was higher when used PDB with Giza 1. 3. .Nitroge x Phosphorus:
This interaction had significant only on :1. Stem frish weight at age 90 days from sowing in the first season,
whereas the highst value was observed from 60 kg N + 15.5 kg P20S1
fed. 2. Stem frish weight at age 120 days from sowing in the first season was
observed whereas nil nitrogen applied with 15.5 kg P205 kg/fed.
3. Number of leaves/plant at 90 days from sowing in the first season,
when used N-fixation with 31 kg P20S/fed. 4. Leaves dry weight at 60 days from sowing in the second season,
whereas the highest value was recorded when used 60 kg N with 15.5
kg P20S/fed.
5. Leaves dry weight at 90 days from sowing in the second season,
whereas the highest value was observed from 60 kg N with (PDB).
4. Varieties x Nitrogen x Phosphorus:
This interaction had significant only on :1. Specific leafweight at age 120 days from sowing in th\,e.- second season, whereas the highest was observed from Giza 1, 30 kg N/fed with
(PDB). 2. Fresh weight of stem and branches at 120 days from sowing in the first season was recorded by used Aceitera variety, nil nitrogen and 31 kg.