الفهرس | يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام |
المستخلص The economic role of working women in Rural Industries The rural woman is considered a great labo~ l’ r power in Egypt. Rural women constituted 27.7~ of the total population of Egypt in 1978. They take part in alle.,ects of rural life. Rural women play an importent role in farm and non-farm production, Rural small scale industries are most important fields where the rural women playa notable part. as such industries are based on raw materials mostly found locally. They need only simple captial tools and low skill reqUirements. These industries are also compatible with the rural values habits, customs and desires of the rural women, these industries spring fro! them and their circumstances, and from their economic and social needs. The rural industries have been there for a long time contributing to the process of economic developlEnt. The rural industries employ a great siZe of rural labour. This alleviate uneaployment and migration of those _eking better incomes inerowded cities. ~ration causes increase 1n demand on consumer ~OOdB in cities and scarsity of agriculture labour. in rural area. The rural industries a, re suitable for Egypt in the present time as they utilize the cheep local resources in pr oduct Lor that satisfyes the local needs. In addition they contribute to the decentralization in production and the increase of the value of the rural and agricultural resources, work in small scale industries helps women to spend their leisure time in a production work that increases the income of rural families. The rural industries have a pasitive rale in facing the steadily increase of population in rural areas as they satisfy the demand for rural goods, their work in these industries and increases their feelings in the positive participation in life. This research analizes the economic value of the investment of rural women effort in these industries. This research aillS at the stwlying of the following:- 1. fdent”ifying .the kinds of product ion of women in the rural industries 2. Fd.gure out ’’the” a.nili’ty-of, the’!”urfi! women in werk production in the rural industries. 3. Estimation of income generated in the productive processes in these industries. 4. Figuring the number of working hou” in these industries. 5. Studying the convenience of these industries to the country woman. 6. Investigation of the importance of production in satisfying the need of consumption. 1. The problems of production and marketing the products of the rural industries and figure out the rural women point of few in future of those industries. 8. The study of some social and economic factors which infleunce the economic role of women in rural 1ndustr1e a, The research has depended on the following procedl The selection of the area of the research on basis of presence Bnd variety of small scale rural industries for women labour. Kerdasa in Giza governorate and Emi: Village in Kalubia Governorate were chosen for this r’ search. The choice was made after several exploration visit and the inquaring of (officials) in the two gove norates. A random sample of women and girls above 15 years old the working in small rural industries was drawn fc research. The number of women and girls is not less than 6 in every industry. The most important rural industries for women were:- ~’T sewing, Embriodery, ••siot ~on~th.e-hel!td£Jon, ~rv ~)UV~ the tricot and local clothes, shawls, palm leaves products, palm-leaf stalk products, palm fibre products and Da1r7 Products. The size of the research sample was 78 working women in K.erdasa and 37 wolt’l.en in Emiay village I so the total number amounts to 115 working woman. This research estimates the economic value of women labour in o rural induatree whenever she gets the oppartunity to work and Participate in production and where the demanl for her produ~ is abundant • The discriptive and statistical methods were used in the analysis of this research. Measure of the ~roductive efficiency for the labourer woman, and product vity of the investements in these industries. Some functional relationships between economic variableswe also measured. The most important results of the research are:- I : The most important social characteristes of warneJ labourers in the rural industries in the research sam: were:- 1. 6~ of the labourers were in the age from 21 - 4 years. 2. 61% of the labourers were illiterate. J. About 66% were married, 21% were widows or divorced and I) not married yet. The most important aspects of labour training, working place, hours of work and income or wages were as follows:- 1. It was found that the primary source of learning the know-how of industry in the rural area is learning from parents. This source constitutes 42% of industry learning. Other sources of lear ning are relatives and neighbours. 2. Most of these indsutries are bas~ on manual work, 13% of them Bre based on simple implements such as the needle Bnd thread, and some sharp-edged tools. About 21~ of workers use semi-automatic tools such a8 sewing machines. 3. It has been found from this research that the working-hours in these industries are between 20.1 - 38 hours weekly. Sewing requires more hours than other industries, embroidery took up 20.7 working hours, as it depends on good sight and light. 4. 86%of the rural industries of the research sample was carried on in the house, which indicates the importance of the home as working place. This is convenient to the working-woman, who has several other responsibilities as a wife and mother, and it insures industry-stability. 5. Average training period for rural industres was found to be less than a month. This was true fOJ all industries, with the exception of sewing, which required more than 6 months of training. 6. It has been found in this research that about 61% of labour women receive the returns on production weekly, and in cash, as, for example in the case of dairy products, the hat and scarf industry and the palm tree produce industry. The relllB1n1D8 J~ of labour-women reee i ve their income aD an irregular basis. 1. Ninety per cent of labour women in rural industry agree that the prospects for industry is good, because of its encouraging retarns that has improved their standard of living. They encourage their daughters to take up this line. TIT : The most important Economic Factors Associated with Capital:- 1. 67%of labour-women obtain the inputs of production from local sources, while the rest have different other sources. 80% of women workers own the tools for work. The rest are either hired or get the tools from their employers. 2. Most labour women obtain rBW materials and sometimes a part of the price in advance from the employer or the consumer. J. 91~ of’ the working women de not buy on credit” they buy on cash basis. 4. The prodllction and the productive process cont ir in these industries all the year round except f( i:h@ dairy products induat17whi.ch 1s seasonal. 5. 28% of the research sample complaned from lack of the raw materials necessities of production as fodder or electtic power failure. Rural industries were classified in this research into three groups:- For economic analysis. The first group which includes sewing, Emb Yo: Lde r; Scarves, Local clothes, finishing Tricot, Loom product industry and making shawls. 1. sewing industry: The average of the weekly production is estimated at 25 pieces. The price of the piece sewing varied from. 2. Elllbroldery : The weekly production 18 estimated at 22 pieces. The a1D1mum prices per piece varied from L.E. 0.15 to L.E. )0. J. The finishing of the clothes tricot and local clothes: the average of the production is estimated 40 pieces. The net rarurns per piece ranged from L.E.O.5 to L.E. 1.5. 4. Loom products industry produce 6 shawels weekly price per piece ’wo.’L.[1.20. The second groub: Palm trees products industry (Palm leaves stalk-Palm leaves - fibres) are done for all the members of the family in a collective nature. 1. Palm leaves products: The/weekly production is estimated 15 pieces. The products of the Bundle I the palm leaves that weights from 1-1.5 kilogram: is saId for ten piasteres. 2. Palm leaves stalk products: the weekly productioJ average is 26 baske~s and the production is diverse. J. Palm fibres products: this industry is rough wom work in it with their ha8banda or fathers and th production 18 Yaried and diversiliad. The third group: The Dairy products industry (Butter and Chee~ The average family weekly production amounts to 5.19 kilogram of Butter and 5.54 kilogram of cheese. Costs and marketing:- Costa and inputes of production were generallver; low. The first group:- 1. Sewing: the weekly total costs are estimated at L.E. 2.75. lAId IiMICl.-.. 2. The land Embroidery: the warkin&!in this industry obtain all her input resources from the consumerE or middlemen. 3. Scarves and sewing on the beads: Ascar! costs 45 Piastres while cost of beads ~or a dress costs 60 Piastres. 4. The Tricot and Local clotbes: the employer pays all the coats. 5. Shawls industry: the price of the thread Bq”tlle which weigh. % Kilio gram 1s L.E. 2.00 to L.E. 2.50. The Second group: 1. Palm _ Leaves stalks productS: the average weekly costs amounts L.E. 2.2. The price of the bundle of the Palm-Leaf stalk is 10 Piastres which weig~ 1-1.5 Kilo gram. 2. Palm-Leaves products: the weekly costs of the pal leaves is L.E. 6.08. 3. Palm fibres products: the average of the bundle of the fibreis L.E. 7 according to the size. The average weekly cost is about L.E. 5.6 The third group: Dairy products industry (Butter-cheese) The average weekly costs of dairy animals Per Family L.E. 11.27. The marketing of the rural industries Product1on:- 1. Most of the’ rural industries production is marketed locally. Some products are marketed on the le vel or the ,Republic. A BIE!l part of them is exported aa in the embro1dred clothe 8. 2. Markting is carried out all the year round except Dairy produots industry which is less in summer. J. The marketing is carried on their own account the account of the merchant or the oo.s umer. V : The net returns of the rural industries. The fil group of industries:- 1. Sewing: the average weekly returns is L.E. 47.64. 2. Embroidery: the net returnes is L.E. 16.5 weekly, J. Scarves and sewing on the beads: the average net returns were L.E. 20 weekly. 4. The tricot and local clothes: the average of the weekly net returns is L.E. 26 net returns. 5. Sha”,u s: the ave rage ·of the weekly returns is L.E. 21.8. The group of the second 1.adt18trles: t 1. Palm-leaves products: the average of the weekly returns 1s L.B. 18.6. 2. Pa1I1l-Lea:f stalk products: the average ot the weekly returns was L.E. 20.56. 3. Palm fibres productS: the average of returns is L.E. 29.4. The third group of industries: Dairy produda: the average of the returns in the seasons of production is L.E. 10.64 weekly. some others indicators are defined 1. 93* of the working women spend part of their income on food, clothing, education and house hold appliances. 2. Most working women find that the financial position of the family is positively affected by their income. 3. 61%of labourers claim that they do not save par’ of their income While 39% state that they do sa’ from the returns of their products in different ways. Such aa: storing the DlOney in the house or buying gold, buying durable commodities, investing in breeding domestic animals and birds, or i buying a refrt.aerator to sel.l Cold drinks. 4. 56% of the ruyel families consumed some of their industry-products to a limited degree, 28% do not consume any their products at all, and 16% consume the products to a great extent, asjnthe case of dairy products.Hence the importance of the economic role of labour women in rural industries is clearJhey contributes to increasing the family income and raising the economical and living standard of the country families. They help in realising the success of the plans and programmes of social and economic development. |