الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This study was conducted in the experimental station at the Faculty of
Agriculture. Ain-Shams University, during two successive seasons of 1990 -1991
and 1991-1992 for studying propagation ability of two apple rootstocks namely,
MM.106 and Mc.9 by either stem hardwood cuttings or by air-layering. Producing
standard nursery plants through enhancing rooting ability in both cuttings and airlayers
by applying some preplanting / pre-layering treatments were the main
purpose of this work. Hence, the wounding and dipping/or treated with lanoline
paste in various solutions of ISA combined with date of cuttings preparation or
date of layering application. In addition, anatomical studies were also carried out
for the basal portion of cuttings/or air-layers to throw some lights on the initiation
of root primordia and difficulties may be presented and reflected negatively either
on their initiation or penetration of the adventitious roots through tissues of
cuttings or layers. Thus, the two following field experiments were included:-
V. I. Experiments on rooting of MM.106and Mc.9 apple rootstocks by
stem hard wood cuttings.
V. II. Experiments on Propagation of MM.106 and Mc.9 apple
rootstocks by air-layering.
V. I. Experiments on Rooting of MM.106and Mc.9 apple rootstocks by
stem hard wood cuttings.
The stem hardwood cuttings of two apple rootstocks, i.e., MM.106 and
MC.9 with 15 em. length and 5-7 mm. diameter were prepared from the medium
part of 1-year old wood collected at three different dates (15th December, 151b
January and 15th < February) in both seasons. One factorial experiment was
~a8 conducted for every apple cultivar each one including 24 treatments, i.e., i
combinations between three collecting dates from one hand and 8 preplanting
treatments applications of dipping the wounded or unwounded cuttings in (water,
ISA at 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm) from the other. All treated cuttings were stored
in moist mixture of sand and peat moss (v : v) at equal proportions till tat March
of each experimental season (planting date) for investigating growth parameters
responses devoted cuttings were planted in wooden boxes contained sand and
peat moss at 1:1 by volum, whereas, the different treatments (combinations) were
arranged in a complete randomise design as each treatment was replicated six
times and every replicate was represented by 10 cuttings. Meanwhile, other
smaller boxes was devoted from planting treated cuttings needed for anatomical
study. Data of some rooting measurements viz. a- Percentage of rooted cuttings,
b- Number of roots/cutting and c- Average length of root developed per cutting
were recorded 7 weeks later for planting date. Since, all planted cuttings in boxes
were carefully taken off and the aforesaid three parameters were immediately
determined. Moreover, all succeeded rooted cuttings were counted and
transplanted individually each in a polyethylene bag filled with a mixture of
peatmoss and sand at equal proportions (v : v). Such rooted cuttings were
allowed to grow for 6 months from transplanting in order to carrying out the other
growth measurements (Survival %, stem length, root length, number of leaves /
rooted cutting, dry weight of leaves, stem, root and total plant dry weight).
v. II. Experiments on Propagation of MM.106 and Mc.9 apple
rootstocksby air-layering:-
Two apple rootstocks, i.e., MM.106 and MC.9 were used. The air-layers
with 40-50 Cm. length and 1 - 1.5 Cm. diameter of one-year-old selected shoots
were done on two dates (15th August and 15th September) in both seasons.
Thus, two factorial experiments were conducted each one including 12
treatments, i.e., combinations between two layering dates from one hand and 6
pre-layering treatments applications of treated the unwounded or wounded layers
with lanoline paste containing 0, 1000 and 2000 ppm ISA from the other. Layers
were separated after 4 months when the developed roots emerged under the
polyethylene cover of the layers. The same vegetative measurements previously
estimated with cuttings were recorded during 1990-1991 and 19911992 seasons.
As for the anatomical study, air-layering samples (each consisted of one
shoot) were randomly taken weekly during the study to examine their anatomical
structure may be affect the rooting process.
The obtained results in this work could be summarised as follows:-
v. I. Experiments of stem hardwood cuttings:-
1- No rooting was obtained by Mc.9 apple rootstock cuttings regardless of
collecting dates and preplanting treatments of wounding and dipping in different
concentrations of ISA at (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm.). However, rooting had
been taken place in cuttings of MM.106 apple rootstock with a various degrees
of success according to the investigated treatments.
2- As for response of rooting aspects (7-weeks from planting) of MM.106
apple rootstock, to the specific effect of collecting dates, it was quite evident that
15th January was more suitable for rooting %. number of roots I cutting and
average root length during two seasons of study.
3- Concerning the specific effect of preplanting treatments on rooting %,
number of roots and roots length I cutting data obtained cleared that dipping of
wounded or unwounded cuttings In different concentrations of 18A ( 1000, 2000
100
and 40000 ppm) were effective than control, while the higher concentration of
ISA was more beneficial in this respect.
4- As for the interaction effect, obtained results showed that combinations
of dipping both wounded and unwounded cuttings collected on 15th January, in
ISA at 2000 I 4000 ppm were the superior ones in comparison with others as the
rooting %, number of roots and root length I cutting during both seasons of study
were concerned. Gnthe other hand, the combination between 15th January
collected cuttings and preplanting treatment of dipping in ISA at 4000 ppm with
wounding application tended to be of more pronounced effect in this respect
during the two seasons of study.
5- Regarding specific effect of collecting dates on survival %, number of
leaves I rooted cutting dry weight of plant organs (Leaves, stem, roots and total
plant) data obtained revealed that the highest values of MM.106 apple rootstock
were closely related to 15th January collected cuttings in this concern.
6- Concerning the specific effect of preplanting treatments of wounding
and dipping in ISA at 1000, 2000 or 4000 ppm. on survival %, number of leaves I
rooted cutting stem length and the dry weight of plant organs (leaves, stem, roots
and total plant) data obtained during both seasons of study showed that dipping of
wounded cuttings in both higher concentrations of ISA (2000 I 4000 ppm) were
the superior.
7- As for the interaction effect of both investigated factors, data obtained
declared obviously that the combination between 15th January collected cuttings
from one hand and dipping in ISA at 4000 ppm. with wounding application were
the superior treatments during the two seasons of study.
v. ”.Experiments on airlayering:-
lOr
1- No rooting was obtained by Mc.9 apple rootstock air-layers carried out
either on 15th August or 15th September regardless of the prelaying treatments’
of wounding and ISA applications during the two seasons of study. In this
respect, rooting was obtained only by MM.106 apple rootstock layers with various
degree of response depending on combinations of both investigated factors
applied during two seasons of study.
2- As for growth measurements (4-months from practising layers) for
MM.106 apple rootstock, data obtained could be concluded as follows :_
a- Concerning the specific effect of layering date, it was quite evident that
15th August was more suitable than 15th September as successful %, number of
root I plant, root length, stem length number of leaves I plant and dry weight of
plant organs (leaves, stem, roots and total plant) were concerned dUring two
seasons of study.
b- With respect to the specific effect of pre-layering treatments, the data
revealed that treating with ISA at 2000 ppm plus wounding was more suitable for
percent success, number and length of roots, stem length, number of leaves I
layer and dry weight of plant organs (Leaves, stem, roots and total plant) during
two seasons of study.
3- As for the interaction effect, data obtained declared obviously that
layering of wounded shoots that treated with ISA at 2000 ppm on August 15th
was the superior combination as successful % and vegetative measurements
values during were concemed both seasons.
v. III. Anatomical examination:-
Rooting ability of hardwood cuttings and air-layering of Mc.9 and MM.106
apple rootstocks was investigated. Wounding and or different concentration of IBA
increased rooting of MM.106 apple rootstock only. The present study showed that
Mc.9 has no rooting ability (0.00%) compared to MM.106 which showed a
relative higher rooting (32.42 - 73.95%). Anatomical studies revealed that the
non rooting of Mc.9 due to a continuous scleroid sheet which restricted the
penetration of root primordiaL Such layer is not clear in MM.106. In addition,
adeventious roots originated from the cambium zone and the pith in MM.106.
Generally, the highest rooting percentage and best vegetative growth
measurements were obtained when cuttings from one year old branches were
collected on 15th. January and treated with ISA at 4000 ppm wounding its base.
Also, the same trend was found when air-layers were treated with 2000
ppm. ISA + wounding on 15th August during both 1990-1991 and 1991-1992
seasons.