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Abstract This research was carried out at the Experimental station of Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Benha Branch. Zagazig University in two su.ccessive seasons (1991 / 1992 and, 1992/ 1993) on broad beans (cv . . Giza 402). Two seperate experiments were considered : 1~.a gamma ray experiment with doses of 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 rad and the control (0 rad). 2-. a pac1obutrazol (a growth regulator) experiment with concentrations of 0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect off gamma irradiation or the growth regulator (pac1obutrazol) on germination percentage and rate”, some morphological characters, chloroplast pigments, flowering, fertility of pollen grains (included also pollen germination), anatomical f~ yield and yield ex ill&lDelU and chemical conteIIIs-51”’5(1-=’ £••••••• w.>, 9 Dacids. vicine .and protein COl. U, Iksiltes, the ~. «N. p. It WIele nC’ $ Fat 1111: SIllIly je IreW : at blbwlllDj ¥ill ’.’ q •• ~ SUt- •.,’ •••• f ._ •• -for .j. 1•••••••• ·•••• [H .~.J 1~.PACcl ; I.ions. t . b-t.e’ L,.(II Fe. -.-.·••;_1 in a’•· II. a:tas, ,~ ~’£ , rJ’s .7 •• \2 r••• Id. f 7_-~ fl· ’.11dIS of teem -111(., ••••••:.•,•..•..·~’]idtJI2gIl , •••••• ;aI ’1::omems or’seecrs (sugars, anirito adds, vlclne and protein contents and NPK). 99 c- field experiments covered seedling emergences~ some morphological characters. chloroplast pigments, yield and yield components and the :chemical contents of seeds (sugars, protein and NPK). The obtained results could be summarized as follows: 1- Gamma ray doses and pac1obutrazol concentrations differently affected the percentage and rate of gennination of the bread bean seeds of cv. Giza 402. 2- The high gamma ray doses (i.e. 5000 & 10000 rad) decreased the gennination percentage. While, the lower doses (i.e. 500, 1000 and 2000 rad) did not show any effect in this respect. For germination rate, the dose of 1000 Tad had a stimulating effect. It hestened germination and hence its rate was increased. While, the higher doses (5000 & 10000 rad) led to reduction of this rate. 3- The growth regulator (pac1obutrazol) of the cone. of 10 ppm. did not show any effect on the germination percentage while the cone. of 50 and 100 ppm. caused reduction of this percentage. The germination rate decreased with 10 and 50 ppm. but not affected with the cone. of 100 ppm. 4- The low doses of gamma ray espcciaDy the dose of 1000 rad increased the percentage and nile of sccdting emcryemce in the field. While, reduction existed wiIh die application of ••••. doses (5000 & 10000 rad). 5- The low doses ~ i ,••• r Ai1M’ ell’ emny 1000 ••• led to 1be inaasc: or 1hI:iuapmw: tI die difftI.· ••••,••••• ;” dwadaS· under study (plant height, number of internodes, number of branches, 100 number of leaves, leaf area and number of legumes) in both field and .- greenhouse. However, these morphological characters were negatively affected by the higher doses (5000 & 10000 rad). 6- Many morphological characters were affected by PAC concentrations. The observed reduction was directly proportional to the cone. Characters of these were plant height, number of internodes, number of leaves and leaf area). On contrary, some characters was positively affected such as number of branches, number of flowers and legumes. These characters increased with the increase of the concentration. 7_ In the field, gamma radiation decreased total chlorophyll (a & b) and carotenoides in the leaves of 45 days plants. This reduction was inversely proportional to gamma ray doses. However sixty days after sowing these chloroplast pigments overcame those of the control. 8~-, In the greenhouse, plants aged 45 or 60 days the gamma radiation caused reduction of the total chlorophyll (a & b) and increased the carotenoides content especially with the dose of 1000 rad. 9- The different paclobutrazOl c:oncentratioos showed clear increase in total chlorophyll (a & b) and C8I’QtCAOides in the 1eaYcs especially with 50 ppm. 10- In greenhouse low doses ~ geana ray .(ie. 500” 1000 -’ 2000 rad) led to early fIowuiDg •••• irlcrc:ase in 1he •• ba’ ,. flowers, But with the higher doses (SOOO~1.-.-1) n:w:nc KS Irscxiskd r 1- The grmvth reguJstor (pAC) delayed the t1oweriog dale but incmIsed the number of flowers especially with the concentration of 100 ppm. ------- ------ -------------- tot 12- The application of low doses of gamma rays (i.e. 500, 1000, 2000 rad) increased the fertility and germination of the pollen grains and increased the length of the pollen tubes. 13- Pac1obutrazol concentrations led to the increase of pollen fertility and pollen germination and also the length of the pollen tubes. 14- The anatomy of the stem and leaf was affected by either gamma ray doses orpaclobutrazol concentrations. The main effects on the stem could be summarized as follows : _ The different gamma ray doses caused increase in the thickness of the cortex (collenchyma and . parenchyma), the length of the cortical bundle, thickness of fiberous region and phloem. _ all gamma ray doses increased the stem thickness except the dose of 10000 rad. Also the width of the cortical bundle was increased with the doses of 500, 2000 and 5000 rad. _ the total number of both pith layers and the small vascular bundles was reduced than the control with all assigned gamma ray doses except that of 1000 tad. _ the number of the large b1.8Hes and the thickness of the epidermis were increased with the •• pIieaf-- of sc.M: ••••• ray doses (500, 2000, 5000 rad). _ the leogt1t of the corticIl ~.lwyJDa ceDs ..- iucrc.sed with all gamna ray doses aP-;pI the dose of SOOAd. ManwbiIe, the conIrol •• euchym”JS GIlls wrse detail:lSed in 1aetb with all gaMna ray doses .• ..-,._11 ••••• pillapawndtyma was not iD&:rcaSed0.””die•• _SID’” .” _ ,.. wMJIIaIIJI eM«. Ii • led 1ID•• iata F ”I: ef •••• di ••e:r~ hollow pith, thickness of the epidermins and cortex, number and -------~~- 102 thickness of pith layers, number of total vascular bundles, number of wood vessels in the cortical bundle and thickness of coltenchyma layers in the cortex. However, the concentration of 100 ppm. increased number of coltenchyma layers and their thickness at the comers of the stem. _ the PAC concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm. positively affected the different anatomical characters (length of cortical bundles, thickness of fiberous layer and phloem in this bundle, thickness and number of parenchymatous layers of the cortex. the 50 ppm concentration of PAC led to the increase of the cortical collenchyma and parenchyma cells .of the stem. The same was with the length of the pith parenchyma. 15. The effect of gamma radiation and pac1obutrazol on leaf anatomy could be summarized as follows : _ the low doses of gamma rays especially. 500 and 1000 rad increased in the thickness of the midrib .(of the leaflet) and blade, thickness of the epidermal cells (upper and lower epid.), thickness of palisade and spongy tissues and number of the spongy layers. _ the width of the vast3ar pm(main v. bundle) of the midrib was ~. increased by the appitllli- ,. tile cIases mSOD,1000 and SOOO rad but its lengthwas b2c.cd willi the ••. - SOOrad. _ all the assitflcd.etoscsof• - JaYS(500, 1000, 21000, SOOOand 10000 rail) .incnaslMl die pIIk- IRa «die •••• ib audthe 9JOOd •• 1bic:JcA”~ __ ilK MIlT td by .» -ray doses exapt tile dase.1010 •••. _ •••• l~ 1•• tII •• ”,Il•••• .., •••• nn .IJytlle PAC concentrations. ’11!e e<JiiCi&’* ••••• 100 ppm. incIused die midrib and blade thickness, thickness of the lower epidermis, 103 . - length of the main v. bundle, thickness of phloem area and number of wood vessels. The concentration of 50 ppm caused increases in the thickness of the upper epidermal cells. All PAC concentrations (10, 50, 100 ppm.) increased the thickness of the vascular part of the midrib. 16- The dry weight was increased in plants of 60 days with all the assigned gamma ray doses except with the dose of 10000 Tad. 17_ The PAC gave the same results as previously mentioned with gamma ray doses with respect to the dry weight. 18- Gamma rays increased the yield and the yield components with the application of the low doses (500 _1000 and 2000 rad). However the t. higher doses (5000 & 10000 rad) negatively affected yield and yield components. This was the case with both green house and field. 19- With paclobutrazol the increase of yield and yield components was directly proportional to the applied concentration. 20 _Gamma radiation caused increase of the total sugars (reduced and non reduced) in the seeds. This iItcrc:Me was diredIy pmportiooal to gamma ray dose. The highest CGIRDl CJListedwith die closem 1000 00. This was the same in boda gPaIbouse or field. 21- PAC coucentrations also iacR.Kd the total S’WMScspeciaDy the concambon r4 SOppm. -- amino acids and ammonia in the seeds. Some amino acids were -- ----_.- ---- ---- _.~ -_.----------------- -\ 104 .increased more than the control with the dose of 1000 rad. These are threonine, alanine, isoleucine and tyrosine. Besides, arginine was increased with both 500 and 1000 rad. 23- PAC of 10 ppm. generally increased the seed contents of amino acids (threonine, proline, alanine, half cystine, valine, methionine and arginine). However, the cone, of 50 ppm incrased all amino acids except proline and also the ammonia was increased. 24- Gamma radiation and PAC as well had the same effect on the vicine content in the seeds as they caused its reduction. 25- NPK and protein contents in seeds generally were increased with gamma ray doses. However, the concentrations of PAC gave different effects. The cone. of 100, ppm. increased N and protein contents. The phosphorus was increased with the increase of PAC cone, and the content ofK was.inversely proportional to PAC concentration. |