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Abstract
Summary
The present study was carried out on twenty five apparently healthy adult mongrel dogs. The animals were 12 males and 13 females. Their age ranged from 9 months to 4 years and their weight from 9 KG to 31 KG. The animals were divided into five groups; each of five dogs. The groups were treated in the following manner:-
Group I: Forty eight hours unilateral ureteral ligation.
Group II: Seven days unilateral ureteral ligation.
Group III: Fourteen days unilateral ligation.
Group IV: Twenty one days unilateral ureteral ligation.
Group V: Control group.
The animals were anaesthetized by intravenous injection of thiopental sodium after diazepam tranquilization. All animals were subjected to ventral abdominal celiotomy. Unilateral left sided ureteral ligation near the uretrovesicular junction was performed in the animals of group I, II, III and IV. The animals in control group were subjected only for visceral manipulation.
The kidneys were examined sonographically preoperatively and postoperatively at 48 hours, 7, 14 and 21 days for groups I, II, III and IV respectively, but examined radiographically only postoperatively.
Blood samples were taken via the femoral vein for biochemical analysis preoperatively and at 48 hours, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and 21 days.
The animals were euthanized at different intervals according to the duration of ureteral ligation, and the kidney speciemens were taken for histopathological examinations.
The kidneys were examined after ureteral ligation by real time ultrasound. Renal measurements (length, width and height) post operatively were compared to the renal dimensions preoperatively. The renal echogenicity was compared with the echogenicity of the liver and spleen. Renal archeticture was evaluated sonographically.
The ureteral obstruction could be sonographically detected within 48 hours after ureteral ligation, but the renal changes were obvious within seven days.
The ultrasound findings showed that the highest renal dimensions were in group IV (6.13cm ± 1.08 for Length and 3.85± 0.62 for width). Complete loss of renal archeticture was in group IV.
The kidneys were evaluated radiographically according to the renal opacification, perisestance of opacification and renal dimensions in relation to L2. It was found that the renal opacification was the poorest in the animals in Group IV. The perisestance of opacification increased with the increase the time of ligation.
The biochemical data revealed that the serum creatinine was the highest in group II (1.73 mg/dl ± 0.44 at the 3rd day and 2.03 ±. 67 at the seven day), while the creatinine clearance was the lowest in the same group 13.56 ml/min ± 5.19 at the seven day. The serum BUN was the heighst in group IV (8.55 mg/dl ± 4.4 at the 17th day and 13.42 ± 4.26 at 21 days).
The histopathological examination of both kidneys revealed that the major changes occurred within LK in group IV which included severe degeneration of tubular epithelieum, severe atrophy of renal glomeruli and periglomerular fibrosis. These changes were compatible with the ultrasonographic findings and biochemical data.
The ultrasound findings with histopathological examination displayed that the renal changes increased gradually with the duration of ureteral obstruction which led to changes in serum biochemical constituents. The renal changes after 17 to 21 days ureteral ligation may be considered irreversible