الفهرس 
القسم الاولOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
After transformation of the irrigation system from basin
irrigation to the permanent irrigation, the water table levels
started to rise and the soil salinity started also to increase,
besides the loss of water.
The Egyptian Government targeted towards giving high
awareness to the subsurface projects parallel to the irrigation
projects. The Government started to carry out the surface open
drains in the year 1938 and to achieve the agricultural economic
development plans in the last periods as an essential
requirements to fulfill the extra demand of food due to the
increase of population and the limitation of the agricultural land
resource which depend also upon the limited irrigation water
resource, which could be sustained and improved only by
drainage water to irrigate areas.
The subsurface drainage project is one of the most
important projects that the Government started to carry out since
1970, due to its advantages in lowering the water table level and
reducing the soil salinity level. One of its advantages is to keep
the soil fertility and increase the cultivated land production
efficiency.
The study aimed to exposure the problem of agricultural
drainage in Qalubia governortae lands, knowing prerequisites of
implementing subsurface drainage project, maintenance process,
renewable of the drainage systems, the policy of using drainage
water and development programs.
The study aimed also, to improve the feddan production
for main field crops under study, the effect of drainage on the
feddan productivity of maize, wheat, rice and permanent in lands
under study.
The study also, clover subsurface drainage system in
lands under study with or without this system was concerned
with economic efficiency. It also, aimed to study the different
indicators of economic return for subsurface drainages project in
lands under study
The study depended on the descriptive and comparative
analysis methodologies to improve feddan productivity to
achieve its goals. The study used also, field data collected from
the farmers in the study areas through a questionnaire.
Previous studies, scientific publications, scientific
periodical, and published and unpublished data related to this
topic. Also, available data on main crops productivity under
study in sub administrations of the ministry of agriculture in
Qalubia governorate and in central administration of agriculture
economics irrigation and water resources periodicals and data of
perquisites of subsurface drainage project implementation cost,
which were collected from the general organization of drainage
projects and its different administration.
The study included four chapters. The first chapter was
devoted to the introduction, study problem, objectives, analytical
methods and data sources, the representing sample area of lower
Egypt in Tukh. Also, this chapter is concerned with technical
sides of subsurface drainage system (its definition, problems,
different system), the carrying out rates in the five year plans of
subsurface drainage and main drainage systems in Egypt. It
included also, the different materials and equipment used in the
construction of the subsurface drainage network, plastic and
concrete pipe for laterals and collectors manholes, different
connections, drainage machines, drainage pump stations,
drainage maintenance, drainage rebuilding, drainage water reuse
and modified drainage system, especially in the rice areas.
The second chapter was concerned with review the
literature of previous studies related to the topic of the research
concerned with the economics of water resources and about the
economics of subsurface drainage system with its different items
of drainage net worm.
The third chapter was interested by the economic
efficiency of drainage systems at the studied area.
It focused on the financial evaluation using discounted
measures and current prices and finally, gave a sensitivity
analysis to ensure project capability under fluctuating and
changing market conditions. The main results out of this research
could be itemized as following:
The economic analysis showed that subsurface drainage
system increased the economic efficiency indicators in general
for all main field crops under study, where the added values with
and without subsurface drainage system and the compared area
system respectively were around 2435 L.E and 2080 L.E for
maize crop, around 2237.5 L.E. and 1895.5 L.E for wheat crop,
around 3320 L.E. and 2840 L.E. for rice crop and about 4424
and 3898 for permanent crop.
The net return to variable cost, it in other words, Benefitl
cost ratio for the area (field) under study and compared area
respectively were 1.6 and 1.2 for maize crop, 1.9 and 1.4 for
wheat crop, 1.8 and 1.4 for rice crop and 8.6 and 6.2 for berseem
crop.
The net return per invested pound for the area under study
and the compared area respectively were about 1.09 and 0.88 for
maize crop, 1.14 and 0.84 for wheat crop, 1.06 and 0.82 for rice
crop and 3.35 and 2.69 for permanent clover crop.
The cost of output unit with and without subsurface
drainage system respectively, were 75.22 and 83.7 L.EIArdab for
maize crop, 99.7 and 112.3 L.EI Ardab for wheat crop, 551.8 and
618.7 L.E/ton for rice crop and 34.46 and 40.64 L.E./cut for
permanent clover.
The second part included the economic feasibility study
and the financial evaluation discounted from subsurface drainage
system in field under study, where the values of benefit I cost
ratio were 1.30, 1.21 at discount factors 12% and 15%, the value
of net present value were 1195.8 and 962.1 at discount factor
12%and 15% , the internal rate of return was 25%.
So its clear, that all the farmer evaluations related to
subsurface drainage system reflects good economic values,
where the benefit/cost ratio is more than correct one at both
discount prices 12% and 15%. Net present worth is value
positive and the internal rate of return is more than the
opportunity cost, i.e., the interest rate in Egypt.
The study recommended that when it is needed to apply
subsurface drainage projects. It is necessary to complete the
applying of subsurface drainage projects. It is necessary to take
care of maintenance of subsurface drainage networks as well as
the main drainage. It is necessary to apply the modified drainage
system in wide scale in the rice area according to its advantages.
Better coordination between regional Agricultural departments
and General directorates of drainage for convenient cropping
patterns by using subsurface drainage system.