الفهرس 
الباب الاوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
THE EFFECT OF FARM’S HOLDING SIZE ON THE
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The agricultural sector is a very important and economic
sector in Arab Republic of Yemen, due to its contribution to
the national income. Moreover, it is considered the only
source of living to more than 90% of the population. ’It holds
more than 73% of the labor force,because agriculture was and
still the base on which Yemen Society development stands.
This st udy includes 5 chapte-rssubse_quent. t’? the
int roduct ion which includes a review 0 f the p’rohlem,:”the goals
of the study and the methodology and a reView of the’ literature.
The following is a review of which is included in
these chapters and the resul~s obtained.
Chapter I was didicated to be a descriptive study of
Yemen agricultural sector. Therefore, the study was
concerned with recognition of the natural agricultural
regions in Arab Republic of Yemen i.e., their agricultural
Possibilities in respect to land, water, manpower, in
addition to type of investment and constrains of the
agricultural production.
It was noticed from the study that about 84% of the
cultivated ’area which is equal to 1.515 million hectares
depends upon rainfall. Most of t hr s area lies in Sanaa AS
and Taiez governorates,’ respectively. The remainder of
the cultivated area which is equal to 16% depends upon the
other sources of irrigation water since about 7.9% of the
cultivated area is irrigated by floods and flowages and
lies in Hodaieda governorate. About 4.8% is irrigated with
steady irrigation system with water flows out of springs
and wells. Most of this land lies in Sanaa, AS and Taiez
governorates. respectively. About 3 .3% is irrigated wi th
water drawn out of springs by pumps and other water pumping
means. Most of this land lies in Hodaieda governorate.
Due to minority af the cultivated area which is
irrigated with e1ther steady 0 r spring i.rrigation system;
the major part of ”the cultivated area,depends u~on the
irrigular rainfall.·· Therefo re, the a9 ricul tural production
is affected w~th the rainfall cytle, which is sharp in
addition to some other constrains which limit its development.
Amongst these constrains_and the most significant
factors are:
1. Lack of agricult~ral researches.
2. Lack of agricultural production requirements.
3. Lack of agricultural labor force and in turn its increased
wages .•
4. Absence of lesi~lations which regulate the agricultural
production relationships between owners and tenants.
5. Increasing area cultivated with (Katt) on the expense of
other crops.
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6. The previously mentioned situations with their negative
effects weakened crops productivity and constrained the
developmental process of the agricultural sector.
Chapter II includes an analytical study of the property
structure of the cultivated area in Yemen. Some defects were
reflected by property division and the system adopted to
distribute the limited culti~able area between ~any producing
uriits (farms) which vary in their capacities ’and number of
plots included in each farm. They also vary in systems by.
which they are possessed and methods with which they are run.
These methods vary according to their advantages and characteristics
which affect the productivity of the farms. The
study - in this chapter - was concentrated on recognition
the nature of variance in agricultural property in Yemen, as
a whole, and in the tribal system specially. The analysis
was concerned with system of agricultural property and
possessing in Arab Republic of Yemen before and after Islam
<
up to now, as well as agricultural relationships between
them in respect to their advantages, char~~~r.j”s-tiCSand
significance. The analysis was concerned also with causes
of property division and distribution of cultivated area in
Yemen. ~s well as the. frequency, fair distribution of property
and constitution of agricultural property structure.
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Chapter III has analyzed characteristics of sample
farms. A random sample of owners in AS governorate of Arab
Republic of Yemen was drown.
The analysis took two ways:
1. Recognision the capacity of the property i.e, size of
agricultural property in area of research i.e. AS’
governorate and how fair the distribution ~s~ _
2. Recognision of the most significant cha r-act er-Le t Lcs of
the agricultural units in th~ sample with respect of
average yield and average cost of production per hectare
in regard with different sizes of different ~roperties,
percentages of production elements and their services,
effect of agricultural propertY’~~ze as an appea ranee
of property division - on production potentiality, net
income, total reserve, and the added value per hectare
for the most important crops under consideration i.e.
sorghum. corn, EIghareb and potatoes.
The study revealed that the agricultural possessing
frequency of AS governorate is characterized by its narrow
farm capacities and multiplicity of st-unted, minor and .ama Ll,
farms which - as a whole - are less than 5 hectares.
,
According -to data of”agricultural sencus in 1983, number of
owners who possess these farms reached about 116.790 thousands,
of about 99.1% of the total number of,the owners which is
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111.787 thousands in a governorate lies on 91.121 thousand
hectares, which represent 89.1% of the total area which is
102.269 thousand hectares with the average of 0.78 hectare.
The number of owners who possess medium farms which range
between 5 to less than 20 hectares is 997 which represents
0.9% and occupies 11.148 thousand hectares which is 10.9%;
which is the remainder percentage since the governorate does
not include any big farms which range between 20 or more
hectares.
Gini coefficient i.e. equality indicato r i.and J;;.orenz
curve were used to declare the equality limits ~n distribution
of the cultivated area in AS governorate, according to data ofthe
agricultural sencus in 1983. Comparing the value of Gini
coefficient which was 0.46 with that of Yemen Republic which
was 0.56. It is clear that concentration percentage in the
different property groups within the governorate is less than
that at the level of the Republic which means that distribution
of the cultivated”area in AS governorate is much closer to the
equality system ,than at the level of the Republic. These
results are in agreement with those of Lorenz curve which
,
declare that the curve representing the actual-~istribution
of the agricultural area in AS governorate is much closer to
the complete equality line - ’which represents the actual
distribution of properties than that line which represents
the actual distribution of the cultivated area at the level
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of the Republic. It is clear that when the area which lies
between equality line (chord of Lorenz square) and the line
which indicates property distribution per owners - within
the different groups under consideration - increases, the
equality in property distribution decreases anq vice versa.
i.e. when this area decreases the equality in property
distribution increases. This area is known by inequality
zone.
Searching the agricultural production potent~ality in
the research sample which represents-a standard utilization
for measuring the potentiality of producing resources to
produce cultivation - by measuring the average·yield ’i.e.
the physical production of th~ available agricultural
resources, it was clear that the average yield of sorghum
and corn was arranged in assending order according to property
size group i.e. the second, first and third group, respectively,
,since the second group is the least one (3 hectares
or more). Regarding the yield of Elghared, the average yield
per hectare reached the least value in the first property
group and the highest value in both second and third group,
then decreased in the fourth group. Regarding the yield of
potatoes, the average yield per hectar~ reached ~he highest
value in the first property group, which could be attributed
to the special care reqUired to that crop which farmers in
larger size properties could rio~ offer.
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Reviewing the average costs of production per hectare
for crops adopted in this study, it is clear that the
average cost of productio’n p~r hectare for b~th sorghum and
corn decreases as the property size increases which verifies
the advantages of large size properties. Regarding yield
of both Elghareb and potatoes, it is clear that the average
cost of production per hectare decreases as the·property
size increases, with respect to the first,.second and third
groups, re~pectively. On the other hand, the average cost
of production in the fourth group (3 hectares or more)
starts to inqrease as the property size decreases.
Estimat~ng the relative costs of agricultural prodOcing
elements, i.e. land, ’laborand capital f o.rsorghum, corn,
Elghareb and potatoes - according to the production capacity
of the research sample, it is clear that ratio of laborcontribution
is the highest compared to that of the three
other crops (sorghum, corn and Elghareb). The labor
contribution reached about 58.36, 61.71 and 53.4~ respectively.
The Gnly exception is potatoes, as labor contribution
was about 25.83% followed by land element with regard
to sorghum, Elghareb and corn since their contributions were
26.46, 25.75 and 28.35% respectively. excepting for potatoes,
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since the land contribution was 30.281. The capital
contribution comes in the third rank, regarding sorghum,
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Elghareb and corn since it was about 15.18, 12.54 and
18.16% respectively, except for potatoes, since it was
about 43.89%.
In order to achieve the goals of this study, it was
necessary that this chapter should emphasis on counting
some of measurements in respect to production potentiality
of the farms. under considera. tion in this study according to
their Qutcome and property size. The production potentiality
measurements are considered significant means of economical
analysis with which it could be possible to judge the range
of income which the cultivated unit could achieve. The three
main measurements which were used to measure the production
potentiality were:
1. Net outcome of the farm, which expresses the outcome of
any ’crop after subtracting ’the total farming costs of the
agricultural elements ~hich contributed in its production.
2. The net outcome per t,he invested capital which expresses
the capital outcome.
3. Measurements of the added value which is the yield of
subtracting the value of production, requirements i.e.,
goods and services - which were purchased from other
producing units - from the value of production.. This
measurement expresses the total farming outcomes which
were obtained by production elements as a result of their
participation in production process of every crop.
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Comparing the results of calculating these measurements
by using sampling data within each property group for crops
under consideration, it was shown that:
a. Regarding the first property group - less than 0.5
hectare; it was indicated that potatoes had the highest net
farming outcome, followed by sorghum, corn and Elghareb. The
highest net outcome per invested capital was that of ~ighareb,
followed by potatoes, sorghum and corn. The added value
estimated with Yemen Ryal per hectare reached the highest
level in potatoes, followed by sorghum, corn and Elghareb.
b. Regarding the second property group -0.5 to less than
1.5 hectares, it was indicated that potatoes had the highest
net farming outcome per hectare estimated with Yemen Ryal,
followed by sorghum, Elgha reb and -co-r:n~1he_.~”””i..ghensett outcome
per invested capital was achieved by Elghareb, f.ollowed
by sorghum, potatoes and corn, it is worthy to mention that
the three latter crops were equal in this respect. Potatoes
had the highest added value followed by sorghum, corn and
Elghareb.
c. Regarding the third property group 1.5 to less than
3 hectares. Potatoes had the highest net outcome .per
hecta reest imated in ¥emen ’Ryal, followed b yE.lgha reb , corn . .
and sorghum. Elghareb had the highest net outcome per
.__ I~’ ~ __ . . .•
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invested capital followed by corn. potatoes and sorghum.
Potatoes had the highest added value followed by sorghum
and Elghareb. respectively.
d. Concerning the fourth proper~y group - 3 hectares
or more. potatoes had the highest net farming ou’tcome per
hectare estimated in Yemen Ryal followed by sorghum. corn
and Elghareb. Corn had the highest net outcome per capital
followed by sorghum.· Elghareb and pot at oes, Potatoes had
the highest added value followed by sorghum. corn and Elghareb.
from the previously mentioned results. it was clear
that potatoes had the highest net farming outcome per
.hectare estimated in Yemen Ryal in all the pr..:p~ryt groups.
It was also clear that .pot at oee had the highest added value
per hectare estimated in Yemen Ryal followed by Sorghum. corn.
and Elghareb. respectively. in all the property groups.
Elghareb had the highest net outcome per invested capital in
the first three property groups. whereas. corn. had -~he
highest value in the fourth group.
Chapter IV was concerned with economics of the sample
farms. Regression analysi5 was used to compare between the
different levels of ec6nomical productive potentiality in
respect of using the productive resources in farms of
different sizes in order to recognize the variation in
ratioes (input - output) ’among the different farm sizes on
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tha basis that the production is the indicator of farm
capacity. Also, analysis of variance or the pos-s-ible
difference between farms with regard to agricultural
productivity and the average of agricultural costs to test
the hypothesis that there were no real differences between
the different property groups for the productive farms
which produce the crops involved through the sample which
was drawn from AS governorate with r-espect to the average
production per hectare and the average productioh costs of
these crops, and vcons e que nr Ly-, recognition .o f ”the signi ficance
of these differences if they were present by using the
least significant difference i.e (L.S.O.).
Regression analysis did not show any relationship
between the :average production per hectare and capacity i.e.
size of agricultural property with respect to all main crops
in the research sample i.e. sorghum, corn, Elghareb and
potatoes. This was shown from the following results:
1. t-test did not show any significant differences between
r:egression treatments of these crops at certainty level
of 5%.
2. F-test did not show any signifi~ant differences between
regression treatments of these crops at certainty level
of 5%~
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3. Correlation coefficient between the two variables
was insignificant at certainty level of 5%.
4. Determination coefficient which interpretates the
responsibility of increasing capacity i.e size of
agricultural property to increase the average production
per hectare was very low, so the differences could be
due to other factors rather than farm size factor.
Analysis of variance also, did not show any relati,onship
between average production and size i.e., agricultural
property size with respect to the different crops adopted
in thiS study i.e., sorghum, corn. Elghareb and potatoes.
It was evident from the direct comparisons between the
calculated F-value - according to sample data - and the
tabulated F value at the certainty level of 0.05. The
tabulated F value was higher than its calculated value.
This conclusion ascertain the previous result i.e., no
relationship between the variablesunper consideration.
That means absence of economic farm size phenomena in the
presence agricultural productive systems used nowadays, in
one side, and sizes i.e prevailing stunted, minor and small
agricultural properti.es. in the other side • So it could be
said that the present farming siZes in AS governorate
significantly do not affect theproduction of crops under
consideraton, under the present agricultural producing
systems.
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Regarding the relationship between the average
production costs per hectare, on one side, and size i.e.,
costs per’hectare for sorghum. corn and Elghareb within
property sizes i.e there were significant differences due
to effect of agricultural property sizes on production costs
per hectare for the three crops previously mentioned.
Whereas, no significant differences between the effect of
sizes i.e agricultural property sizes.on production costs
of potatoes., It means that average of total’ prbduction
costs of potatoes is similar in all property sizes from •
and that differences between them are due merely to chance.
That was evident from ·the direct campa rison -between
calculated F value and its tabulated value at certainty
level of 5%. The differences were highly significant
with regard to sorghum - between average of the first and
the fourth property sizes and significant between average
of the first and third property sizes and between av~ge
of second and fourth property sizes. R.garding both
Elghareb and corn. ·differences were significant between
averages of second and fourth property groups and averages
of second and third property groups. It was eVident that