الفهرس 
الباب الاوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Fish production in Egypt is currently of high importance,
as a source of protein that helps greatly in increasing animal
protein production especially as red meat prices keep increasing
due to population growth and the recent information about large
animal and poultry diseases which may affect human health.
In spite of the official efforts toward increasing fish
production, there is a gap between the national and the
worldwide per capita consumption. This is probably caused by
the problems facing fish production and marketing which both
limit the expected increase in production and reduce the
marketing efficiency.
This study tries to explore the production and marketing
of fish in Egypt, in addition to the utilization of production and
marketing data from El-Sharkea governorate.
the first chapter is an investigation of studies, research
work, thesis and dissertations that were conducted or prepared in
relation to the subject of this study. The second chapter
investigated fish production through comparison of fish
production in different countries throughout the world between
1994 and 1999 where worldwide production amounted to 118.8
million tons out of which 91.42 million tons came from marine
and inland water fisheries. Aquaculture production amounted to
27.5 million tons. Ranking of the countries based on their fish
production between 1996 and 1998. Showed that. China, Peru,
Japan, Chili, Russia, U.S.A, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Norway,
North Korea, and Philippines, ranked first to Twelfth with
average production figures of36.5, 7.2, 6.5, 5.5, 5.5, 5.3, 5.3,
4.4, 3.5, 3.2, 2.6, 2.1, million tons. Egypt ranked 37th with an
average annual production of 438, 100 tons representing 0.4 % of
the world production.
Fish production in Egypt increased gradually by an annual
average of 22.000 tons. Annual production ranged from 246.000
tons in 1985 to 724.407 tons in 2000 with an average of 400.400
tons. Some natural fisheries contributed to this increase where
production from marine fisheries increased by 3060 tons/year on
average, which does not correspond to the large area of these
fisheries, 11.4 million acres. The Mediterranean contributed to
the increase by 6.300 tons while the Red Sea contributed 3.600
tons.
Fish landing from Lake Fisheries has also increased at a
rate of 4.060 tons/year. Production from lake burullus, Lake
Nassau, Bitter lakes, and Lake Idku increased at a rate of2.600,
1.300, 270 and 150 tong/year respectively. Production from Lake
Manzala, Lake Maryout, Bardaweel Lagoon, Lake Qaroon, Lake
Rayan, and Port Fuad Salina decreased at a rate of 20, 170, 200,
400,400, and 410 tons/year, respectively. Production from the
Nile and its branches increased by 3.400 tons/year during the
study period. aquaculture production increased by 12.100
tons/year. At the same time, production from rice-fish decreased
at the rate 270 tons/year. cages culture increased by 380
tons/year during the siudy period.
The average productivity for the study period in Egypt,
30.0: Tedden/year, was found to be low compared to other
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fish-producing countries such as China and Peru. In marine
fisheries the average was 8.1 kg/acre/year while annual lake
productivity was 138 kg/fedden/year. In the Nile and its branches
the annual average was 227.5 kg/fedden/year. Annual
productivity from aquaculture for the same period was 545.5
kg/fedden/year for pond culture but dropped to 56.3
kg/fedden/year for rice-fish culture.
Chapter 3 consists of 2 sections. The first dealt with fish
farms in Arab republic in Egypt. Variation in productivity may
be attributed to soil type especially that productivity of some
farms is as high as 1500 kg/fedden/year. Culture systems and
levels applied in Egypt in addition to rice-fish culture system are
also disellssed. Section 2 was designated for fish farm in
Sharkeia governorate regarding location, area and the municipal
divisions of the governorate in addition to fish production and
the research and service agencies and establishments dealing
with the fish production sector in the governorate.
Chapter 4 deals in its two sections with the economics of
fish production in Sharkeia. Section 1 is devoted to studying the
economics of aquaculture in Sharkeia based upon a random
sample of the existing fish farms. A total of 46 private farms
were included. 29 of which were in Husineya and 17 in Abu
Hammad. Farmes were classified into 3 categories based on their
area.
In farms less than 50 acres total cost per acre amounted to
about LE 2240/ fedden which breaks into LE 956/acre as fixed
cost representing about 42.7% and LE 1284/ fedden as variable
cost representing about 57.3%. Fry, labor, and feed represented
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the most significant parts of variable cost and amounted to LE
372,346, and 316/ fedden, respectively, representing 16.6%,
15.4%, and 14.1 % of the total cost, respectively. Cost of
harvesting, fuel, fertilization, and maintenance was about LE 96,
95,40, and 19 /fedden, respectively, totaling about 11.3% of the
total cost/acre.
The study showed that the total cost per acre in the 50-
100-fedden category was LE 2131/ fedden. Fixed cost was LE
931/ fedden representing 43.7% while variable cost was LE
1200/acre representing 56.3% of the total cost. Cost of fry, labor,
and feed represented the most significant segment of variable
cost averaging LE 365, 316, 295/ fedden, respectively,
representing about 17.1%, 14.8%, and 13.8% of the total cost per
fedden. Respectively. Other variable cost items including
harvesting, fuel, fertilization, and maintenance averaged LE 90,
87, 29, and 17/ fedden, respectively, representing a total of
10.5% of the total cost.
Total cost of an acre in the above 100 fedden category
was LE 1921/ fed den of which LE 912 were fixed costs
representing 47.5% and LE 1009 were variable costs
representing 52.5% of the total cost per acre. The most
significant portions of variable cost were fry, labor, and feed
costing about LE 326, 275, and 231, respectively, representing
about 17%, 14.3% and 12% of the average total cost. Other
variable cost items including harvesting, fuel, fertilization, and
maintenance averaged LE 87, 74, 8 and 8/ fedden, respectively,
representing a total of 9.2% of the average total cost.
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Studying the sales and the net returns for the three farm
categories showed that while sales in the first category (farms
less than 50 acres in area) amounted to LE 3694/ fedden, net
returns were LE 1454/ fedden. The return on investment was LE
0.65/pound invested. In the 2 nd category (50-100 fedden) fish
sales was LE 3515/ fedden resulting in a net income ofLE 1384/
fedden and a return on investment ofLE 0.65/pound. Sales in the
3rd farm category were LE 3182/ fedden producing a net return
ofLE 1262/ fedden and a return on investment ofLE
0.66/pound.
The last part of this section discussed the optimum size of
a fish farm where cost is minimized through an estimated
function of the average variable cost in relation to farm size in
Abu Hammad, Husineya, and the entire sample representing
Sharkeia governorate. Comparison of the 3 farm categories
indicated a big difference in Abu Hammad. The average farm
size in that area is 34.79 fedden where the average cost is LE
2168/ fedden. The calculated optimum farm size was found to be
about 360 fedden which is estimated to reduce cost to about LE
1989/ fedden and, hence, results in an additional net return ofLE
179/fedden.
In Husineya, the average farm size was 97.98 fedden with
an average cost ofLE 1800razfe:”-Theoptimum farm size in that
area waS, estimated to be about 400 fedden which reduces the
cost to about LE 1481/ fedden and produces an additional net
return ofLE 319/ fedden. Average farm size for the entire
governorate was 74.63 fedden with an average cost ofLE 1936/
fedden. The optimum farm size for the governorate was
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estimated at 300 fedden, which is estimated to reduce the cost to
about LE 1391/ fedden and produce an additional net return of
LE 545/ fedden.
Section 2 discussed rice-fish culture, its economic
importance technical and economic benefits from this practice,
and the importance of rice- fish culture in Sharkeia governorate.
The additional return due to the application of fish culture in rice
fields is also discussed
The average net return from fish culture in rice fields was
LE 235.8,177.4, / redden in Abu Hammad and, Husineya,
respectively. This represents both the return from fish culture,
the increase in rice production due to the addition of fish to the
field, and the reduction in the cost of rice culture that is caused
by the same reason.
Chapter 5 deals with fish marketing in Egypt. The
importance of benefits of a marketing system through
possessional, spatial and temporal advantages is shown in
addition to the marketing services that make them attainable. It
was clear that middlemen, especially wholesalers, have a great
deal of control over both producers as well as some retailers
through the continuous transactions in both directions. Study of
marketing channels, improving, the producers’ share of the retail
price, and freshness of the marketed fish are also discussed.
However, the indirect marketing channels are still favorable
because of the possessional, spatial, and temporal advantages in
addition to the difficulties associated with involvement of
producers in the marketing process should they market their fish
directly.
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The average retail prices of mullets, bagrus (bayad),
tilapia, and catfish in the Egyptian market have peaked up at LE
8.83,6.51,5.04, and 4.23, respectively. Meanwhile, the price of
sardines averaged lowest at LE 2.90 during the period of the
study. The high prices may be due to demand on fish as an
alternative to meat, the increasing population, and inflation. The
total marketing margin for the major fish species was found to be
LE 0.886/kg for the study period representing an increase of
19.2% over the producer’s price. This is fractionated as 84% for
the producer, 4% for the wholesaler, and 12% for the retailer.
Chapter 5 discussed the economics of fish marketing in
Sharkeia. Marketability of fish farm products depends upon the
location of the farm relative to main cities and towns. Study of
price indicators shows that prices are affected by the value of the
good to the consumer, its production and marketing cost, market
demand, the expected profit, in addition to the nature of the
marketing channels, the purchasing ability of the consumers, and
the nature of the commodity regarding competitiveness of the
market and storage requirements.
Price based on farm-gate prices of the 4 size, and hence
price, grades of the studied species; tilapia, mullet, catfish,
bayad, and carp was estimated. For tilapia, price/ton was LE
7.515,6.004,3.796, and 2.033, respectively, for the 4 size grades
where the coefficient of variability was 3.99%, 12.49%,20.72%,
14.84%,respectively.
Wholesale prices were LE 8,268, 6,315, 4,103, and 2,371,
respectively with.a C.V. of 5.5%, 12.72%, 17.69%, and 10.88%,
respectively. Retail prices were LE 9,613, 7,000, 4,944, and
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2,944, respectively with a C.V. of 4.39%, 7.08%, 9.92%, and
9.90%, respectively.
Farm-gate prices of mullet were LE 9,161, 7,467, and
5,998, respectively for the three size grades with a C.V. of
3.54%, 11.74%, and 14.20%, respectively. Wholesale prices
were LE 9986, 780, and 6408, respectively for the 3 size grades.
Retail prices were LE 11298, 9065, and 7444, respectively with
a C.V. of7.97%, 8.24%, and 9.65% respectively. Catfish prices
were LE 3752, 4239, and 5016 for farm-gate, wholesale, and
retail prices, respectively with a C.V. of 12.94%,3.48%, and
5.82%, respectively. Farm-gate, wholesale and retail prices of
Bayad were LE 5380, 5989, and 7452/ton, respectively, with
C.V. values of24.06%, 15.2%, and 10.8%, respectively. Carp
prices were L.E. 3483, 3747 and 4460/ton for the three
marketing stages, respectively, with C.V. values of 15.02%,
8.76%, and 6.33%, respectively.
Price variation and marketing margins of the above
species indicate a minimum producer’s share of 87.73% and
69.05% of the wholesale prices for grade 4 and grade 2 tilapia,
respectively and a minimum 82.38% of the retail price. The
overall marketing margin relative to the retail price fdr in the 3
stages was 17.62% for grade 2 mullet and 19.42% for grade 3.
Producer’s share of wholesale price was 88.520fthe wholesale
price of catfish and 72.2% of retail price of carp. Marketing
margins ranged from 21.91 of the retail price of carp and 27.8%
forbayad.
As an indication to efficiency of the marketing system, it
was found that wholesalers’ share of the value added ranged
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from 26.79% in the, case of grade 3 tilapia to 35.87% in the case
of grade 1 tilapia.. Retailers’ share on the other hand ranged from
64.13% in the case of grade 1 tilapia to 73.21 in grade 3 tilapia.
Cost of marketing services represented 7.64%,15.81%,12.29%,
and 14.54%, of the value added for grades 1-4 ti1apia,
respectively. Marketing efficiency factor was 92.90, 86.35,
89.06, and 87.31, respectively for the 4 grades.
Wholesalers’ share of the value added for mullet ranged
from 20.93% for grade 2 to 38.58% for grade 1. Retailers’ share
ranged from 61.42 for grade 1 to 79.07 for grade 2. cost of
marketing services was 7.95%, 10.08%, and 10.56%,
respectively, for grades 1-3, respectively. Marketing efficiency
factor was 92.64, 90.84, and 90.45, respectively for grades 1,2,
and 3, respectively.
Wholesales’ share of the value added ranged from
27.04% for carp to 38.49% for catfish. Retailers’ share ranged
from 61.51% for catfish to 72.96% for carp. Cost of marketing
services represented 9.07%, 7.15%, and 14.43%, respectively for
catfish, bayad, and carp, respectively. Market efficiency factor
for the 3 species was 93.33, 91.69, and 87.39, respectively.
The study was concluded with a field investigation of the
problems and obstacles facing the marketing system in Sharkeia.
The major problem was the unannounced wholesale prices.
Other problems like the lack of cooperatives, unpaved roads to
the farms, and the absence of a known fish-market place in the
governorate were of equal importance to one another.