الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
1.Isolation trials from wood samples with different deterioration and discoloration symptoms yielded 4 isolates of Trichoderma album; 3 isolates of each of Aspergillus jlavus; and Aspergillus &Heirs; one isolate of each of Botgocliplodia theobromae, Penicillium chermesilnum, Trichoderma glucion, and Trichoderma koningi.
2.All isolated fungi could grow on inoculated wetted toothpicks. B. theobromae shows the most extensive fungal growth followed by T. koningi, A. glaucus (isolate no.3) and T album (isolate no.3).
3.All tested fungi could infect, colonize and sporulate on the surfaces as well as inside cells of the inoculated wooden toothpicks. They caused slight wood discoloration in form of blackish, greenish, yellowish or grayish color. The highest wood discoloration was produced by B. theobromae.
4.Inoculated woods showed an increase in their wet weight. Rate of increase was depended on kinds of both wood and fungus. The highest and lowest increase in wet weight of a wood in order were caused by A. glaucus (53.77%) and T. album (16.07%) on Kafur; T album (42.92%) and A. glaucus (4.62%) on Gazwarin.a; T. koningi (38.26%) and A. glaucus (9.42%) on Abal; T.koningi (23.65%) and B. theobromae (7.31%) on Zanzalakht; T album (42.83%) and T koningi (5.28%) on Tut; T album (34.92%) and T koningi (17.14%) on Sunt and A. glaucus (32.27%) and T. koningi (16.32%).
5.Dry weight of inoculated woods was reduced by 7.56-44.64%. Rate of losses was depended on kind of wood and the tested fungus. The highest losses, was in wood of Tut followed in order by Zanzalakht; Abal; Gazwarina; Sarw; Kafur and Sunt. The highest and lowest % losses in dry weight were produced in order by T album and T koningi on Kafur; A. glaucus and T album on Gazwarina; T koningi and B. theobromae on Abal; B. theobroniae and A. glaucus and T album on Zanzalakht; A. glaucus and T koningi on Tut; B. theobromae and T. album on Sunt and T koningi and A. glaucus on Sarw. A. glaucus caused the higest losses followed by T. koningi ; T. album and B. theobromae.
6.The amounts of reducing, non-reducing and total sugars contents were higher, in general, in the inoculated than in the non-inoculated woods of different kinds. The non-inoculated wood of Tut contained the highest amount of total sugars, followed by woods of Abal, Zanzalaht, Sarw, Kafur, Sunt, and Casuarina, respectively. The highest amounts of total sugars induced by B. theobromae, T. koningi , A. glaucus , and T album were recorded in woods of Tut, Sunt, Abal, and Sunt, respectively.7.The amounts of free, conjugated and total phenols determined in non-inoculated woods or woods inoculated with the tested wood-deteriorating fungi were greatly varied and dependent on kind of wood and the fungus involved. In general, they were higher in inoculated woods than in control (non-inoculated) woods. Zanzalakht inoculated with B. theobromae showed the highest % increase of free, phenols, while wood of Tut inoculated with A. glaucus and T koningi showed the highest increases in conjugated, and total phenols, respectkiely. The lowest % increase in free phenols were detected in woods of Sunt and Abal inoculated with T koningi, while Sunt and Sarw inoculated with T. album showed the lowest increase in conjugated phenol. The lowest increase in total phenol was detected in woods of Sunt and Casuarina inoculated with A. glaucus and T. album, respectively.
8.The non-inoculated wood of Kafur contained the highest amounts of free nitrogen followed. by Sarw, Tut, Zanzalakht, Abal, Casuarina, and Sunt, respectively. Free nitrogen content was higher in inoculated than in non-inoculated woods. Bottyodiblodia theobromae, T koningi, A. glaucus and T album induced the highest amounts of free nitrogen in woods of Casuarina, Zanzalakht, Zanzalakht, and Sarw, respectively. However, the lowest amounts of free nitrogen induced bythese four fungi were detected in woods of Sunt, Kafur, Casuarina, and Abal, respectively.
9.The linear growth of the isolated fungi was better on extract obtained from Zanzalakht-wood. However, extracts from woods of Gazwarina, Sunt, Kafur, Sarw, Abal and Tut came the next in the listed order. However, extracts of Abal and Sarw inhibited growth of T. album isolate No. 3, meanwhile growth of T koningi was checked by extracts of Tut and Sunt, T album isolate No. 1 by extracts of Tut and Penicillium chermesimum by extracts of Kafur. Some wood extracts seemed to be had little or no inhibiting effects on growth of some fungal isolates. For example, Kafur-wood extracts on B. theobromoe, Gazwarina-wood extracts on A. flavus isolate No. 2, Zanzalacht-extracts on A. glaucus isolates No, 1 & 2, and Abal-extracts on T album isolate No. 1.
10.PDA medium was the best one for growing all tested fungi, folowed in order by Czapek’s, Richard’s, Peptone dextrose, Dubos, Nutrient and Abram’s agar media. Growth of B. theobromae on Czapek’s and Nutrient agar media, A. glaucus on Peptone dextrose agar medium, T. album on Dubos and Richard’s agar media was significantly better when compared with the other fungi on the same media. The lowest growth of T. koningi, T album and A. glaucus was produced on Nutrient agar medium, meanwhile growth of B. theobromae, wasgreatly supressed on both Abram’s and Dubos agar media.
11.All tested wood deteriorating fungi could not grow at pH 4.0. The optimum pH value was 6.0 for growth ofA. glaucus and to 6.6 for B. theobromae; T. koningi; and T. album. Elevating pH values above the latter limits resulted in lowering linear growth of the respective fungi. T. koningi and T album grow better than B. theobromae and A. glaucus at the higher pH values 7.6-
8.6.
12.No fungal growths were noticed at 5°C or 50°C temperatures. The growth of T. koningi; A. glaucus: and T album was better at 25°C meanwhile 30°C was the best temperature for B. theobromae. Growth of wood deteriorating fungi was better at the relatively higher temperature (40°C) than that relatively lower one (15°C).
13.The fungal growth was faster on glucose followed by sucrose, fructose, maltose, lactose, starch and CMC. However the lowest growth was produced on powdered cellulose. B. theobromae, T koningi, and T. album could utilized starch better than A. glaucus, however A. glaucus and B. theobromae utilized carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) better than both T koningi, and T album.
14.Ammonium nitrate followed by potassium nitrate, Beef extract, ammonium sulfate were the best N-sources for growth of the tested wood deteriorating fungi. In general, the best N-source was Beef extract for A. glaucus andammonium nitrate for B. theobromae, and ammonium sulfate for both T koningi and T album. Sodium nitite and Urea were the least favorable for growth of the tested fungi. All tested fungi could utilized gelatin and casein as organic nitrogen sources better than urea.
15.The highest growth of A. glaucus was produced at 80% R.H and sharply decreased at 100% R.H. According to sensitivity to variation in R.H% the tested fungi could be arranged in descending order as B. theobromae, A. glaucus , T album , and T koningi . At the minimum R.H. (14.5%) B. theobromae produced satisfactory growth while growth of T album was greatly suppressed.
16.Green light was the best for linear growth of all tested wood deteriorating fungi followed by white light and the complete darkness. However, both red and blue light produced the lowest linear growths. The suppressing effect of red light was more pronounced on growth of A. glaucus, meanwhile growth of B. theobromae was less affected. The blue light suppressed growth of both T koningi and T album more than linear growths of A. glaucus and B. theobromae.
17.All tested wood deteriorating fungi could grew on a wide C/N ratio. The C:N ratio of 18:1 was optimum for B. the. obromae, T koningi and T album , meanwhile C:N ratio of 72:1 was the best for A. glaucus . The linear growth of the first three fungi was decreased by raisingi.e. .4. glaucus was negatively affected by the narrower than the wider C:N ratios. The opposite trends were noticed with the three formers.
18.The fungus B. theobromae showed the highest cellulolytic enzymes activities, followed by A. glaucus, T koningi, and T. album. The optimum pH values for highest activities, however, were 6.6 for B. theobromae, T. album, and T. koningi and at 6.0 for A. glaucus. It could be concluded that, pH values 6.0-6.6 were the optimum for accelerating activities of the cellulolytic enzymes secreted by the tested wood deteriorating fungi. The cellulolytic enzymes activities were steadily increased by time and reached its maximum after 80 minutes in case of B. theobromae and 180 in case of A. glaucus, T. album,-and 7’. koningi.
19.Benlate was the most effective fungicide against growth of B. theobromae A. glaucus , T. koningi , and T album . The growth of these fungi was completely inhibited at 5-10 p.p.m. of Benlate, at 25-100 p.p.m. of Topsin-M, at 50-100 p.p.m. of Ridomil, at 50-500 p.p.m. of Rovral, at 100-500 p.p.m. of Rizolix-T, and at 1000 ppm. of Byleton, and Trimeltox-fort.