الفهرس 
Introductionيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Egypt has recently conquered the vast desert areas to
reclaim, cultivate the lands, reconstruct the areas there and
utilize all the resources available all over the different areas
since conquering the desert is the vital strategic pedestal for
establishing agricultural development not to mention its
importance toward redistributing the population over the
Egyptian geographical map.
The nature and type of agriculture in the new lands is
totally different from that in the conventional lands, besides
the economic and social difference through which all the
horizontal development efforts to be undertaken since the
problems and obstacles of the horizontal agricultural
development outreach that of the vertical one.
Although the government is considering the horizontal
expansion and undertaking the enormous projects to expand
the cultivated lands, this was not received with much concern
by the extension sector in the newly. Reclaimed lands, which
appear in the constraints, the extension work faces there where
the extension services to farmers and investors are varied.
The governmental organizations that perform such
services lack liaison and connection among one another and
to the agricultural research systems and to the extensioninvolved
fund systems, besides, there are other nongovernmental
extension organizations that render the service
either paid or preen of charge the farmers or the interned
individuals in the new lands, such a service comes as a result
of the free economy and privatization adopted recently in the
agriculture sector.
Agricultural extension in the new lands is a recent important
educational system aims at enhancing farmer s awareness and
updating them via transferring the recent techniques and
technology from research sites in a simple and straight
methods, mean while reporting problems and constraints that
farmers encounter while performing thin cultural practices
and getting back the proper solutions. Agricultural extension
system apply several methods and aids to disseminate the
recent knowledge and research results and recommendations
in a simple demonstrating methods and convincing farmers
to give effect to such techniques.
For the extension system to accomplish its goals
effectively and completely, it must depend on the extension
staff after enhancing their efficiency and tackling their
problems as well as fascinating whatever impedes
performing their duties so that the system could identify the
obstacles that are faced by the extension work in the desert
areas and trying to find the proper solutions to achieve
agricultural development there.
So this study aims to:
- Identification of the extension work impediments which
facing the extension guides, and their impact on the
extension work at the study area.
-Defining the differences between how much obstacles are
available and how effective they are from the point of
view of the extension guides (staff) who work for the
agricultural extension system.
-Determining the relationship between the total available
obstacles from the extension guides, point of view and the
independent variables under study.
- Identification of the extension work impediments in north
Sinai Govern orate and the proposals to solve it from the
viewpoint of:
• Non-official extension workers from governmental
non - official organizations.
• Non-extension workers from non-governmental
organizations
The study was conducted in north Sinai govern orate
centers- on an analytical descriptive basis representing the
real agricultural extension there. The study included three
categories i.e.; the extension agents, non-official extension
workers from governmental organizations (staff and
assistants at college of agriculture in al arish, research staff at
al sheikh zowaid and al maghara station -D. R. C, and
agricultural cooperatives, directors) and non-official
extension workers from non-governmental organizations that
included agricultural supplies dealers there.
The study considered some hypothesis to the extension
agents category who work for the agricultural extension
system in north Sinai govern rate where they totaled 162
extension agents, a regular random sample of 114 ones was
collected according to krigsy&morgan equation to represent
(70.3%)ofthe total size of extension agents. The total
extension agents of the governmental organizations who
render unofficial services was 175 ones, a regular random
sample of 148 extension guide were taken according to
krigsy&morgan equation representing (84.60/0) of the whole
sample, and the total non-governmental organization trader
who deal in agricultural supplies was 28 traders, 25 out of
which were collected as a regular random sample according
to krigsy&morgan equation representing (890/0) of the total
sample.
Data were collected from May listto mid June 2006 via
interview on questionnaire forms designed to meet the study
goals. Apre-test was done for the forms to leave out some
items and paraphrase others to get the final form in a plain
and understandable way. To analyze the data statistically,
samples” T ”test, then Chi square (X2
) coefficient was
used. All data were computerized by analyzed using
program spss version 11.
The main results of the study revealed that:
I-Half of the categories of extension work obstacles were
available in a high or moderate extent and are ordered in
the following countdown: financial-related obstacles of the
agricultural extension system were (2.64), desertenvironmental
obstacles were (2.32), constraints that are
related to the relationship of the extension system to the
other agricultural services systems were (2.12) obstacles
that are related to the agricultural extension programs
(1.92),and the ones that belong to the desert environmental
farmers (1.90) the second half were weakly available and
were countdown as follows: job obstacles(1.82),
administration and organizational ones(1.74), obstacles that
are related to the extension recommendations(1.62),the
extension system available potentials impediments (1.61) ,
and the obstacles that relate to the extension philosophy
(1.51) .
2- Most of the categories had either high or moderate effect
on the extension work are countdown as follows:
obstacles related to the extension fund (2.76), obstacles
related the desert environmental farmers (2.598), obstacles
associated with the desert environment (2.578), constraints
connected to the available potentials of the extension
system (2.413) , obstacles related to the connection of the
extension system to the other agricultural service systems
(2.302) , job restrictions (2.263) , extensional programsrelated
impediments (2.149) , and obstacles that are related
to the extension recommendations (2.214) .
3- There was no significant differences between the range
obstacles availability and how much the effect on the
extension work for all categories.
4- There was a significant relationship at a level of (0.0 1)
significance between the total obstacles of extension
activity and four of the extension agents’ studied variables
i.e.; age (Chi square=20.197), extension work experience
(Chi square=17.517), number oftrining courses attended
by the extension agents (Chi square = 13.887), and source
of agricultural information the extension agent deal with
(Chi square=15.349). There was also a significant
relationship at a level of (0.05) significance between the
extent of availability of the extension work obstacles and
three of the studied variables for the extension agents i.e.;
the major (Chi square=8.756), the awa~eness all
developmental and environmental issues (ChI square =
9.572), dealing with the developmental associations at the
study area (Chi square = 12.087), whereas there was no
connection between the total extent of the availability of
extension work obstacles and the rest of the studied
variables for the extension agents i.e.; nurture, residence,
qualification, forming possession size supervised by the
extension agent, equipments and supplies at the extension
work disposal , as well as the extensional methods and
aids used at north Sinai govern orate.
5- It was shown form the staff sample who perform unofficial
extension service through professional authorities in north
Sinai that there were obstacles the extension agents face
for most among which: inadequate extension agents
working there (97.20/0), lack of experience ~o~some
extensionists’ (91.8%), the extended supervisron the
extension agents are covering govern orate - wide
(88.5%), absence of the efficient extensionists, role
toward the extension work (87.1%), misdistribution of
extension staff as most of them are concentrated in the
main centers and towns of the govern orate rather then the
rural areas (85.8%), lack of confidence between the
extension agent and the farmers (84.4%), absence of
serious supervision over the extension work (79.7%) , the
obscure structural extension from work in north Sinai
govern orate ( 74.3%) , and the in sufficient fund allocated
to the extension work there (73.6%).
6- With regard to the staff sample who render their services
unofficially through unofficial associations i.e.;
agricultural supplies traders, who experienced some other
constraints such as, the inadequate number of extensionists
who work in the govern orate (100%), misdistribution of
skilled extension agents, mostly in the main centers and
towns rather than the villages all our the govern orate
(96.0%), the weak connection and liaison between the
extension system staff and the agricultural supplies dealers
(92%), the restricted extensionists role to only performing
agricultural survey (88.00/0), the wide covering of
supervision done by extension service centers in towns
rather than the villages (80.0%),some of the extensional
recommendations are not financially affordable by the
Bedouin farmers(76.0%),and the exclusive agricultural
cooperatives services to big holder farmers (72.0%)
Applicable benefits:
1- Since there was several sources of extension work in
north Sinai, it has been take into consideration when
planning and executing the agricultural policies in the
desert areas that those sources or associations be
considered when planning and applying th
extensional programs for their effective and
impressing role on the farmers and hence for meeting
the desired agricultural development.
2- There were also obstacles associated with several
classifications, which faced the extension system in the
desert areas, so that the system could identify the
obstacles that are faced the extension work and trying
to find the proper solutions to achieve agricultural
development there.
3- The results showed also significant differences
between the extent of existing obstacles and the impact
an extension work for all obstacles, so the staff in
charge of the agricultural policy in general and the
extension work in particular are advised to take into
account these obstacles and work on limiting and
eliminating them.
4- According to the study sample of the professional staff
who perform unofficial extension services, the results
showed some existing obstacles faced by extension
work, so extension staff in charge are used to work on
over coming such obstacles and find suitable solutions
through increasing the number of skilled extension
agents, locate their work places, linking between the
extensionists and the farmers to ep up th confidence
between them to eventually enhance efficiency up the
extension work in north Sinai.
5- Whereas the study sample of non-professional staff,
such as agricultural supplies dealers, who undertake
un-official extension services showed some obstacles,
so the study. calls the extension staff in charge’s
attention to figure out these obstacles by means of
providing enough extension staff and distribute them
all over the govern orate’s villages, towns and cities to
promote extension work there.
6- Considering the recent extension system in the desert
areas and providing them with an adequate number of
extension agents who are to deliver the recommended
information and techniques with full authority so that
they could address any problem they face in these areas.
7- Working on coordinating and consolidating the
connection between the agricultural extension and the
other parties involved with the extension system to
achieve integrated ruler development in these areas.
8- It has also been advised to conduct similar deep study
to investigate all the other extension sources and
associations from different perspectives and make a
link among them on one part and between them and
the extension system on the other part to set conclusive
concepts and basis that could be a guiding reference
for agricultural policy planners in the desert areas.