الفهرس 
الباب الاوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
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Summary
Introduction:
Foreign trade plays an important role in economic
development attainment. Egyptian exports in general and agricUltural
exports in particular raise national income and secure an access to
foreign exchange required for financing the developmental activities.
The objective of this study is to identify potentialities of the
studied Vegetable crops from foreign markets perspective under the
context of the world recent economic order. This effort is done with the
purpose of maximizing Egyptian share in foreign markets to utilize
acquired foreign exchange in bridging trade balance & balance of
payments deficit.
The study inqlLJdes six parts, beside an introduction
covering pro.blerrranO objectives of the study, methodology and Sources
ofdata
The first part handles references review and previous
studies .related to the theme of this study. The second. part tackles the
economic significance of the studied vegetable crops in terms of the
comparative importance of vegetable area and exports I area and
production of the studied crops (potato, tomato, green beans,artichoke
and cucumber) and eventually major producing governorates.
The third part discusses the economic importance of the
studied vegetable exports indicating the geographical distribution of such
exports and major importing markets and countries.
The fourth part covers market.ing activities in two chapters.
The first chapter exhibits d6mestic marketing with emphass on quantity,
.price, marketing efficiency and constraints. The second chapter deals
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with foreign marketing throwing Some light on institutions involved in
marketing and differences in marketing of potato, tomato, green beans,
artichoke and cucumber. It also discusses cost of marketing per ton for
exports of potato, tomato, green beans, artichoke and cucumber.
The fifth part sheds some light on Egyptian J:.....•I.l•: ..
terms of foreign competition and principal competitors with respect to
potato and tomato through identifying production, export price in and out
of Egypt.
The sixth pa~t inclUdes the summary, recommendation,
references and conclusion.
The First Part: References Review:
This part presents a references review for some studies i:
economic researches conducted on production, marketing and export of
vegetables addressed by this study. Identifying statistical & economical
data, recommendations and results have been the main reason behind
the efforts exerted in surveyin!~ the relevant studies.
The Second Part: The Economic Importance of Vegetable Crops:
Due to the comparative advantage that vegetables have,
this part Covers the following topics:
a- Comparative advantage of vegetables area.
b- Comparative advantage ot vegetables exports.
Concerning the point (a), area of vegetables reached 1.14
- million feddans representing 60% and 9.8% of horticultural (1984-1993).
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Concerning the point (b), value of exported vegetables
reached LE. 204.4 millions representing about 8.8% of total agricUltural
exports estimated at LE 2317.2 mil/ions or 44% of total value of
exported horticultural crops which is estimated at LE. 464 millions
(1989-1994).
This part h,lndles also the copmarative importance of
vegetables addressed by this Study (Potato, tomato, green beans,
artichoke and cucumber) 1985-1994. It also handles cultivated plantings,
cash value, major producing governorates and yield/feddan for each of
the aforementioned vegetables.
Firstly: Potato Crop:
Over the period 1985-1994 potato area averaged 179
thousand feddans and production 1559 thousand tons annually
representing 15.5% and 14.6% of total area and production of
vegetables. It is worth to mention that potato is Positioned in the second
place after tomato which is on top in terms of production and area.
Reviewing evolution of potato area over the same period
revealed an annual decline of 2.9 thousand tons or 1.6% of annual
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average of potato area amounting to 179 thousand feddans. likeWise,
production declined at an annual average Production amounting to 1.6
miflion tons.
Potato crop is concentrated mainly in four governorates:
Behaira, Menufia, Giza and Gharbia respectively. Total area of potato in
those governorates constituted 71.6% of total area of potato at national
level over 1990-1994.
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Secondly : Tomato Crop :
Tomato is on top of all vegetables in terms of area and
production. Its area reached 373 thousand feddans and production 4365
thousand tons representing 32.2% and 40.8% of total area and
production of all vegetables respectively (1985-1994).
Evolution of tomato area over 1985-1994 revealed a
decline rated at about 4.2 thousand feddans or 1.1% of annual average
area of tomato which amounted to 373 thousand feddans. Similarly,
production increased annually by 78.3 thousand tons or 1.8% of annual
average tomato production amounting to 4·4 million tons.
-Tomato is concentrclted mainly in six governorates ranked orderly
as follows: Behaira, Sharkia, Giza, Qena, Alexandria and Fayoum. Total
area of tomato in those governorates constituted 55.8% of total area of
tomato (1990-1994). Behaira is on top of tomato producing governorates
13.50/0of total tomato area at national level. It is fonowed by Sharkia
9.9%, Giza 9.8%, Qena 8.6%, Alexandria 7.3% and Fayoum 6.7%
respectively 1990-1994.
Thirdly : Green beans Crop
Green beans area reached 31.8 thousand feddans and
production 139 thousand tons representing 2.8% and 1.3% respectively
of total area and production of vegetables (1985-1994).
Evolution of green beans area showed that it increased
annually by 0.4 thousand feddans or 1.3% of total green beans area
which amounted to 31.8 thousand feddans. Meanwhile, production
increased annually by 3.55 thousand tons or 2.6% of annual green
beans production whidl amounted to 139 thousand tons.
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thousand tons or 3.8°/0 of annual average production of cucumber which
amounted to 271.6 thousand tons.
Cucumber is mainly cultivated in Giza, Behaira, Ismalia,
Beni Suife, Alexandria and Sharkia which cultivated 65.9% of total
cucumber area in Egypt (1990-1994). Giza is positioned on top of
producing governorates as it cultivates 20% of Egypt’S area of
cucumber. It is followed by Behaira 13.7%, Ismailia 13.5%, Beni Suif
9.30/0, Alexandria 5.6% and Sharkia 3.8°/0 respectively (1990-1994).
The Third Part :
This part tackles comparative & economic importance of
vegetables, major markets and importers and monthly evolution of
Egyptian exports. The study stated that vegetable exports constituted
9.5% of total value of agricultural exports which averaged L.E 2201
millions 1989-1994.
Comparative importance of Egyptian vegetable exports
value ranged between 5.9% in 1989 and 12.3% in 1994 meaning it has
almost doubled.
Firstly: Egyptian Potato Exports:
Anriual average of exported amount of potato (1989-1994)
was 171 thousand tons representing 56.6% of total exports of
vegetables. Also, value of exports exceeded L.E. 103 millions
representing 50.6°/0 of total vegetable exports value during the same
period.
Estimation of potato exported amount trend revealed that it
incremented at a rate of 6.9 thousand tons representing 4.5°10 of average
exported amounts of potato totaling 154 thousand tons. It was also
found out that value of exported potato has increased annually at a
statistical significant rate of L.E. 12.8 millions with a change rate of
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17.20/0 of average value of the referred to period. Average price per ton
of exported potato was L.E. 381.4 (1985-1994). Price of exported potato
took an upward significant trend at a rate of change estimated at 17.8%
of average export price/ton during the period of the study. It was also
found that major importing markets of Egyptian potato have been the
EEC and Arab States. Their imports of Egyptian potato were 135
thousand tons and 37 thousand tons respectively representing 77.8
%
and 21.3% of to total exports of potato (1990-1994). The study also
indicated that the period from January up to May is the best in terms of
exported amounts and from June up to October is the best in terms of
export price (1990-1994).
Secondly: Egyptian Exports of Tomato .’
Average exported amount of tomato 1989-1994 reached
26 thousand tons annually representing 8.5% of total exports of
vegetables. Export value exceeded L.E. 21 millions or 10.2% of total
value of vegetable exports. Trend relationship of tomato exports in terms
of amount revealed that it grew at an incremental rate of 1.8 thousand
tons representing 8% of annual amount of exported tomato which is
estimated at 22 thousand tons. Average value of annual tomato exports
reached L.E. 14.3 millions (1985-1994). It increased at an annual
significant rate estimated at L.E. 333 millions with a change rate of
20.7% of the average value of the referred to period. Price per ton of
tomato took an upward significant trend estimated at L.E. 86.2/ton with a
change rate of 14.9%. Arab market is the biggest importer of Egyptian
tomato. It accommodated in average 27.1 thousand tons valued at L.E.
22.6 millions representing 97.7% and 98.1% respectively of amount &
value of exported tomato during (1990-1994). Arab market is followed by
the EEC which imported 567 thousand tons valued at L.E. 13.3 millions
representing 2% and 1.6% respectively of amount and value of Egyptian
exports of tomato.
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The study found out that the period from September up to
January is the best time of export in terms of amount and the period from
April up to August is the best for tomato exports in terms of price (1990-
1994).
Thirdly : Egyptian Exports of Green Beans:
Annual average of green beans exports reached 7
thousand tons representing 2.3% of total exports of vegetables. The
annual exports of this crop is valued at L.E. 6.3 millions representing
3.1% of total value of vegetable exports (1985-1994).
Average annual amount of green beans exports reached
8.9 thousand tons (1985-1994). The trend of exported amounts showed
a decline estimated at 0.9 thousand tons or 10% of annual exports of
green beans. Average value of green beans exports reached L.E. 6.5
millions during the said period. In terms of value, green beans took an
upward trend estimated at L.E. 0.9 million at a change rate of 6.5% of
average value of exports during the period of the study. Average price
per ton for exported green beans reached L.E. 756.2 and it took an
upward statistically significant trend rated at L.E. 134.7/ton. EEC market
is on top of importing markets in terms of amount and value. It imported
4.4 thousand tons valued at L.E. 5.07 representing 68.8% and 67.13%
respectively of amount & value of exported green beans. Arab market
came and W. Europe next to EEC in terms of amount and value of green
beans exported from Egypt. The two markets (Arab states & W. Europe)
imported in average 1.3 thousand tons and 0.6 thousand ton
representing 20.3% and 9.7% respectively of Egyptian exported amounts
of green beans. It was found out that July to December is the best period
for exportation in terms of amount and December to April is the best for
getting the highest price.
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Fourthly: Exports of Artichoke:
Annual average of artichoke exported quantities reached
about 2.9 thousand tons representing 1% of total vegetable exports
(1989-1994). Value of its exports reached L.E. 4.5 millions or 2.2% of
total value of vegetables exports. Average of exported amounts of it
reaohed 2.3 thousand tons (1985-1994). Exports of it took an upward
trend rated at 0.3 thousand tons a year representing 0.01 % of all
artichoke exported during the period of the study. Export price per ton
took a statistically significant upward trend rated at LE. 194.8 Iton with a
change rate of 16.9% of average export price/ton during the period of the
study. Arab, EEC and west Europe markets are the main importers
These three markets accommodated respectively 1556, 1329 and 266
tons/year representing about 49.5, 41.9 and 8.4% of average exported
amounts of artichoke over 1990-1994.
In terms of value, the three markets paid l.E. 2262, 22.9
and 495 thousand representing 45.4%,44.3% and 9.9% respectively of
average value of artichoke exports (1990-1994). The period from
December up to May is the best for exportation in terms of quantity and
from April to May is the best in terms of value.
Fifthly : Egyptian Exports of Cucumber:
Average exported amounts of cucumber reached 400 tons
representing 0.13% of total exports of vegetables 1989-1994. The
cucumber exports were valued at L.E. 600 thousand representing 0.29%
of total vegetables value during the same period. Value of cucumber
exports rose from a minimum level of L.E. 180 thousands in 1989 to a
maximum level of L.E. 1.072 millions in 1994. Average price per ton of
exported cucumber reached L.E. 1514 (1989-1994) indicating that it rose
from L.E. 894/ton in 1989 to L.E. 1674/ton in 1994. EEC, West Europe
and. Arab markets are the principal importers of Egyptian cucumber.
March, May, July, August and September are the highest in terms of
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quantity and February , June, August, October and December are the
best in terms of price.
The Fourth Part :
This part handles domestic and foreign marketing of
vegetables:
Firstly: Domestic Marketing of Vegetables:
This item deals with major marketing steps including
sorting out, grading, packing, transportation, storage ..... ect. . Lack of
care during the marketing trip leads to high rate of waste & losses. The
study found out that share of potato grower in retail price is averaged at
55.7% during 1989-1994. This means that middlemen took 44.3% of
retait price during the same period. The total marketing differences
reached about L.E. 0.31 per kg. broken down to L.E. 0.18/kg. to
wholesaler and L.E. a.13/kg. to retailer over the period 1989-1994. It was
also found out that marketing efficiency of potato has reached 43.9% in
average for the same period.
Tomato grower’s share in retail price reached 53.1 % over
the period 1989-1994. Total marketing differences reached L.E. 0.34/kg.
broken down as L.E. a.i6/kg. for the wholesaler and L.E. a.18/kg. for the
retailer (1989-1994). Marketing efficiency of tomato reached 28.1% in
average during the same period.
Green beans grower’s share in retail price reached in
average about 57.8% 1989-1994. Total marketing differences per kg
reached L.E. 0.27 broken down as L.E. 0.16/kg. for the wholesaler and
L.E. 0.11ikg. for the retailer. The marketing efficiency ofthis vegetable
crop reached 32% as an average for the same period.
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- Cost of packing came on top of cost items representing 28.6%,
m65ar.8ke%tin, g.60.6%, 62.4% and 61% respectively of total cost of
The stUdy throws intensive light on major export
pcroonbsltermaisn.ts and problems and recOmmendation to overcome such
The Fifth Part ~
This part deals with the Position of Egypt among the other
cOmpetition in the World markets of potato & tomato. It was found out
that. major competitors to Egypt’s potato export have been Holland,
Spain, Turkey, Cyprus and Morocco. But major competitors to Egypt’s
tomato export have been Holland, Spain, Turkey, Morocco and Jordan.
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