الفهرس | يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام |
المستخلص As agriculture turns to be an industry, the importance of the supporting agricultural services arose in both developed and under developing countries. Hence, a deep need emerged to develop rural societies and modernize its individuals through directed or pre-planed developing programs that initiated by agricultural extension among other different governmental institutions. The role of agricultural extension in the ARE is vital for it helps to overcome development constraints by identifying field problems to research system, bringing back applicable solutions as well as taking over the process of farmers persuasion including the change of their knowledge, attitudes, skills and practices using a wide variety of extension methods. Group contact methods including General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings are of the most used agricultural extension methods in ARE because they cope with the nature of Egyptian farmers as the target audience. The importance of using these three methods leaned - practically - on some results of a few studies aimed at identifyingthese methods’ impact on farmers. Yet, these results was not sufficient to determine the relative effect of each method separately or a mix of them to maintain behavioral changes. Accordingly, it is essential to fulfillthis gap of knowledge through a study uses the experimental method to measure the effect of these contact methods and its combinations on the knowledge and attitudes of Cotton Growers which is not covered by the pervious studies. Sequentially, this study is designed to : 1 - Identifying Cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge of bio-control according to their different exposure to the group extension methods used, which are : a - General Extension Meetings. b - Process Demonstration Meetings. c - Result Demonstration Meetings. d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings. e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. 2 - Identifying Cotton Growers’ How to knowledge of bio-control according to their different exposure to the group extension methods used, which are : a - General Extension Meetings. b - Process Demonstration Meetings. c - Result Demonstration Meetings. d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings. e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. 3 - Identifying Cotton Growers’ attitudes toward Integrated best -control according to their different exposure to the group extension methods used, which are: a - General Extension Meetings. b - Process Demonstration Meetings. c - Result Demonstration Meetings. d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings. e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. 4 - Define the difference between the effect of the seven studied methids treatments combinations studied on Cotton Growers’ of bio-control. The treatments are : a - General Extension Meetings. b - Process Demonstration Meetings. c - Result Demonstration Meetings. d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings. e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. 11 - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. 5 - Define the difference between the effect of the seven treatments studied on Cotton Growers’ Awareness Knowledge and How To Knowledge of bio-control. The treatments are : a - General Extension Meetings. b - Process Demonstration Meetings. c - Result Demonstration Meetings. d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings. e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. 6 - Define the difference between the effect of the seven combinations studied on Cotton Growers’ attitudes toward bio-control. The treatments are : a - General Extension Meetings. b - Process Demonstration Meetings. c - Result Demonstration Meetings. d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings. e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings. This study took place in Banha district, Qualubia Governorate. Seven villages were chosen randomly among the 43 villages ofBanha district considering a suitable distance between villages to avoid any interference between the treatments’ effects. The seven villages were: Sheblinga that have 794 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 552 feddans, Marsaffa that have 477 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 373 feddans, Derrunlo that have 221 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 183 feddans, Kafr EI-Gazzar that have 186 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 112 feddans, Meet Assem that have 186 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 100 feddans, EI-Shamout that have 187 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 134 feddans, Narsees that have 150 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 83 feddans. A random sample of 30 cotton Growers was drawn form Landholders’ Files in the seven villages’ Agric. corporations with a total of 210 cotton Growers during 1993 agricultural season. It was considered that the interviewees did not grow cotton in the previous season and haven’t heard about bio-control or integrated pest control in cotton. An experiment was designed using the experimental methodology to determine the effect of the studied three group teaching methods studied and their combinations and the difference between these effects on cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge, how to knowledge and their attitudes toward integrated pest control. The design included seven treatments experimented in the seven villages. Three treatments implied group extension methods one at a time which are : General extension Meetings in El-Shamout village, Process Demonstration Meetings in Meet El-Assem, and Result Demonstration Meetings in Narsees village. Each of the other four treatments applied a combination of the three methods mentioned above as follows : General extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings in Kafr EI-Gazzar village, General extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings in Denunlo, Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings in Marsaffa village, and General extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings, and Result Demonstration Meetings in Sbeblenda village. The data were collected by interviewing farmers using a pre-tested questionnaire. The questionnaire contained the questions, indicators and scales to test cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge ,how to knowledge about bio-control and their attitudes toward integrated pest control. After estimating the farmers’ degree of response to the test, the data were analyzed using: analysis of variance (F test), Duncan’s Multiple-range measurements to test the significance of differences between the average degree of cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge, how to knowledge about bio-control and their attitudes toward integrated pest control for the seven treatments studied. The arithmetic mean was also used to calculate the degree of cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge. how to knowledge about bio-control and their attitudes toward integrated pest control. The results reached were as follows : 1 _ Cotton Growers achieved a high degree of information concerning awareness knowledge and how to knowledge about bio-control in the seven treatments for all recommendations.2 _ Most interviewees’ attitudes in the seven treatments were highly favorable except for the treatments of General extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings in which their attitudes were favorable. 3 _ The most effective method of the three group methods studied was Result Demonstration Meetings alone that affected interviewees’ awareness knowledge and how to knowledge when used alone. 4 _ General extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings were the lowest among the seven treatments studied to affect interviewees’ awareness knowledge and how to knowledge. 5 _ The double and triple combinations did not surpass the single methods to affect interviewees’ awareness knowledge and how to knowledge, except: _ All treatments surpassed General extension Meetings. _ The triple combination and Process Demonstration Meetings & Result Demonstration Meetings treatment surpassed Process Demonstration Meetings. 6 _ The treatments that applied single method were the least treatments of the seven studied to affect interviewees’ attitudes, and this means that either one of them is an equivalent when needing to format or change farmers attitudes, as no significant difference among their effect was found on attitudes’ formation or changing. 7 _ The double combinations of General Extension Meetings & Process Demonstration Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings & Result Demonstration Meetings and General Extension Meetings & Result Demonstration Meetings surpassed General Extension Meetings when used alone to affect interviewees’ attitudes, while neither of them surpassed Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings except that the treatment of Process Demonstration Meetings & Result Demonstration Meetings surpassed the treatment of Process Demonstration Meetings. 8 - The triple combination treatment surpassed the single treatments of General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings, Result Demonstration Meetings to affect interviewees’ attitudes. 9 - The double and triple combination treatments hadn’t surpassed each other to affect interviewees’ attitudes toward integrated pest control in cotton. The applicable results of the study can be summarized as follows : 1 - The planers and executives of extension programs that aim to communicate awareness knowledge or how to knowledge to cotton Growers in the studied area might consider the following: a - Both kinds of knowledge about bio-control in cotton showed that most studied information are still considered knowledge educational needs in the studied area specially that with the lower or above average degree of knowledge, which is considered educational opportunities that can be used in future.b - The necessity of developing cotton Growers attitudes toward integrated pest control in the studied villages and showed unfavorable attitudes of cotton Growers specially when General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings. c - Using Result Demonstration Meetings alone or the combination of Process Demonstration Meetings & Result Demonstration Meetings or the triple combination when aiming to communicate awareness knowledge or how to knowledge. d - Using either of the three group methods or their combinations studied as equivalent when aiming to format or change farmers attitudes toward integrated pest control in the order of: the triple combination, the double combination specially Process Demonstration Meetings & Result Demonstration Meetings, and the single methods of Process Demonstration Meetings or Result Demonstration Meetings sequentially. 2 - A future research is needed in the area of extension methods and aids to study the single or accumulative method effect on farmers knowledge, skills and attitudes in different areas and educational situations that is not covered in this study. |