الفهرس 
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Abstract
from early fifties up till today many’ studies of photonuclear reaction have been on made both experimentally and theoretically. This is done through out the periodic table in attemp to delicate the systematics of photons absorption by nuclei in general and of Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR). (which dominate the absorption processes at energy’ between 10 Mev-heavy nuclei to 30 Mev-light nuclei) in paticular.
The large effort that has been put into these studies is justifiable. This is due to the fact that the theory of the interaction of electro magnetic radiation with nuclei is perhaps the best understood in nuclear physics.
The GDR in particular, always has been of central interest in photonuclear reactions study both experimentally and theoretically. Different models have been used to interpret the structure and feature of the GDR. In the semi classical. hydrodynamic model (duo to Goldhober & Teller (1948) the steinwodel and Jenson (1950). The GDR corresponds to the absorption of gamma quanta by the nucleus ns n whole and it is most simple understand us the oscillation of the neutrons against the protons in the nucleus.