الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present field experiments was carried out at Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Minia University, Egypt, during the growing seasons, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to study the effect of tillage systems (No-tillage and completely tillage), proportions of inorganic N (zero, 25, 50 and 75% kg/fed) out of the recommended does of nitrogen fertilizer and organic and bio-fertilizer levels (zero, 20 m3/fed organic, 20 m2 organic + 4 kg bio-fertilizer/fed and 4 kg/fed bio-fertilizer/fed) on growth, yield and yield components of Giza 168 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Seeding rate was 60 kg/fed.
A split-split plots design with four replication were performed were tillage systems occupied the main plots, inorganic N ranked the sub-plots and organic and fertilizer treatment presented the sub-sub plots.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
A. Growth characters:
1. Plant height (cm): was materially affected by tillage systems in both seasons. The tallest plants were obtained from soil tillage. Plant height was generally increased by increasing inorganic nitrogen levels from zero to 75% of recommended N. Tallest plants were obtained from 75% of recommended N/fed in both seasons. Plant height was considerably affected by organic and bio-fertilizer treatments. Tallest plants were obtained that from organic + bio-fertilizer level compared with the other treatments. All the interactions had no significant effect on plant height in two seasons, except the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer x organic and bio-fertilizer.
2. Flag leaf area (cm2): It was significantly affected by tillage systems. The highest values in flag leaf area were obtained from completely tillage compared with un-tillage. Flag leaf area was generally increased by inorganic nitrogen fertilizer levels from zero to 75% of recommended N. The highest values of flag leaf area were obtained from using 75% of recommended of N via inorganic source. Organic and bio-fertilizer had a significant effect on flag leaf area in both seasons. The highest values of flag leaf area were obtained from organic + bio-fertilizer treatment compared with the other treatments. All the interactions had no effect on flag leaf area, expect the interaction between tillage systems x organic and bio-fertilizer levels which had effect on flag leaf area in the second season only.
3. Number of total tillers per plant: It was obviously affected by tillage systems in the first season only. The highest values of number tiller per plant were obtained from completely tillage compared to un-tillage. Number of total tillers per plant was generally increased by increasing inorganic nitrogen fertilizer levels from zero to 75% of the recommended N. The highest mean values of number of total tiller per plant were obtained using 75% of recommended N via inorganic N. Number of total tillers per plant was materially affected by organic and bio-fertilizer treatment. The highest values of number of total tiller per plant were obtained from organic + bio-fertilizer as compared with using each alone. All the interactions had no effect on number of total tillers per plant in both seasons, except the interactions between tillage systems x inorganic nitrogen fertilizer proportions and nitrogen fertilizer x organic and bio-fertilizer was significantly affected by number of total tillers per plant in the second season only.
4. Dry weight per plant (gm): It was clearly affected by tillage systems. The highest values for dry weight/plant were resulted from completely tillage compared with un-tillage. Dry weight/plant was generally increased by increasing inorganic nitrogen fertilizer proportions from zero to 75% of recommended N. The highest values on dry weight/plant were recorded from 75% of the recommended N was added via inorganic. Dry weight/plant was increased with using organic and bio-fertilizer. The highest values of dry weight were recorded from organic + bio-fertilizer compared with the other treatments. All the interactions had a significant effect on dry weight/plant in the first season. In the second season, all the interactions did not effect considerably dry weight/plant, except the interactions between nitrogen fertilizer x organic and bio-fertilizer which had a significant effect on dry weight/plant.
5. Heading date: It was significantly affected by tillage systems in the first season only. The longest period to 50% heading date was recorded from completely tillage, compared to un-tillage. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels from zero to 75% of the recommended N led to increase this period to heading date. The longest period was obtained from using 75% of the recommended N via inorganic form. Heading date was materially affected by organic and bio-fertilizer levels. The level of organic + bio-fertilizer application increased of days from planting 50% heading date compared with the other treatments. All the interactions did not effect significantly heading date of wheat plants in both seasons, except the interactions between tillage systems x organic and bio-fertilizer which was significantly affected heading date in the second season only.
6. Total dry weight of weeds/m2 (gm): It was significantly affected by varying tillage systems. The highest values of total dry weight of weeds/m2 were resulted from un-tillage compared with completely tillage. Total dry weight of weeds/m2 was generally increased by increasing inorganic nitrogen fertilizer levels from zero to 75% out of the recommended rate of N. The highest values of total dry weight of weeds/m2 were obtained from fertilization with 75% of the recommended N via inorganic form. Total dry weight of weeds/m2 was significantly affected by organic and bio-fertilizer treatment. The highest values of total dry weight of weeds/m2 were obtained when organic fertilizer were applied compared with the other treatments. All the interactions had significant effect on total dry weight of weeds/m2, except the interactions between tillage systems x nitrogen fertilizer in the first season only.
B. Yield and its components:
1. Number of spikes/m2: was significantly affected by varying tillage systems. The highest number of spikes/m2 was obtained from completely tillage compared with un-tillage. Increasing inorganic nitrogen, increased number of spikes/m2 gradually up to zero to 75% of recommended rate of N. Number of spikes/m2 was significantly affected by organic and bio-fertilizer. The highest values of number of spikes/m2 were obtained from organic + bio-fertilizer treatment compared with using each fertilizer alone,
2. Number of spikes/per plant: It was significantly affected by varying tillage systems in both seasons. The highest number of spikes/plant was recorded with using from completely tillage compared with un-tillage. Number of spikes/plant was remarkably increased gradually by increasing levels of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer from zero to 75% out of the recommended rate of N. Number of spikes/plant increased with using of organic and bio-fertilizer together. The highest values of number of spikes/plant were obtained from organic + bio-fertilizer treatment as compared with using each alone. All the interactions failed to show significant effect on number of spikes/plant, except the interactions between tillage systems x nitrogen fertilizer levels which significantly affected on number of spikes/plant.
3. Number of spikelets/spike: It was not significantly affected by tillage systems. Number of spikelets/spike was materially increased gradually by increasing levels of nitrogen fertilizer from zero to 75% out of the recommended rate of N. The highest values of number of spikelets/ spike were obtained from 75% of the recommended rate of N. Organic and bio-fertilizer treatment had a significant effect on number of spikelets/spike in both seasons. The highest values of number of spikelets/spike were obtained from organic + bio-fertilizer treatment compared with the other treatments. All the interactions failed to show measurable on number of spikelets/spike, except the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer x organic and bio-fertilizer in the first season only.
4. Spike length (cm): It was not significantly affected by differing tillage systems. Spike length was generally increased by increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels from zero to 75% out of the recommended rate of N. The application of 75% of recommended rate of N via inorganic form gave the highest spike length. Spike length was obtained affected by organic and bio-fertilizer treatments. The longest spike was obtained from organic + bio-fertilizer treatments as compared with the other treatments.
5. Number of grains per spike: It was substantially affected by varying tillage systems. The highest number of grains/spike were obtained from completely tillage compared with un-tillage. Number of grains/spike was noticeably increased gradually by increasing levels of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer from zero to 75% out of the recommended rate of N. The best performing level was 75% application of the recommended rate of N. Number of grains/spike was significantly affected by organic and bio-fertilizer treatments. The highest values of number of grains/spike were obtained from organic + bio-fertilizer treatment compared with the other treatments. All the interactions had a considerable effect on number of grains/spike in the first season, except the interactions between tillage systems x nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer x organic and bio-fertilizer. In the second season, all the interactions had no significant effect on number of grains/spike.
6. Spike grains weight (gm): It was significantly affected by varying tillage systems. The highest spike grains weight was produced from completely tillage compared with un-tillage. Spike grains weight was significantly increased gradually by increasing levels of nitrogen fertilizer from zero to 75% out of the recommended rate of N. The highest values of spike grains weight were recorded when 75% of the recommended rate of N was applied in the form of inorganic. Spike grains weight was significantly affected by organic and bio-fertilizer treatments. The highest values of spike grains weight were obtained from addition of organic + bio-fertilizer treatment compared with the other treatments. In the first season, all the interactions had
a significant effect on spike grains weight, except the interactions between tillage systems x organic and bio-fertilizer. In the second season, all the interactions had no effect on spike grains weight, except the interactions between tillage systems x nitrogen fertilizer.
7. 1000-grain weight (gm): It was significantly affected by varying tillage systems. The heaviest of 1000-grain weight was produced from completely tillage compared with un-tillage. 1000-grain weight was significantly increased gradually by increasing levels of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer from zero to 75% out of the recommended rate of N. The highest 1000-grain weight recorded from application of 75% of recommended N via inorganic N. 1000-grain weight was significantly affected by organic and bio-fertilizer treatments. The highest values of 1000-grain weight was obtained from the addition of organic + bio-fertilizer as compared with using each alone. All the interactions had no significant effect on 1000-grain weight in both seasons, except the interactions between nitrogen fertilizer x organic and bio-fertilizer in the second season only.
8. Grain yield per plant (gm): It was significantly affected by varying tillage systems. The highest values of grain yield/plant were obtained from completely tillage compared with un-tillage. Grain yield/plant was increased gradually by increasing levels of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer from zero to 75% out of the recommended rate of N. The highest values of grains yield/plant were recorded when 75% of the recommended rate of N was added via inorganic N. Grain yield/plant was significantly increased with applying organic and bio-fertilizer together. The highest values of grain yield/plant were obtained when organic + bio-fertilizer was applied together as compared with the other treatments. In the first season, all the interactions had significant effect on grain yield/plant. In the second season, all the interactions had significant effect on grain yield/plant except the interactions between tillage systems x organic and bio-fertilizer and the interactions between the three factors.
9. Grain yield (ardab/fed): It was significantly effected by varying tillage systems. The highest grain yield was resulted from completely tillage compared to un-tillage. Grain yield was increased gradually by increasing inorganic nitrogen fertilizer from zero to 75% out of the recommended rate of N. The highest values of grain yield resulted from using 75% of recommended rate of N via inorganic N. Grain yield was significantly affected by organic and bio-fertilizer treatments. The highest value of grain yield was obtained from using organic + bio-fertilizer as compared with the other treatments. All the interactions had significant effect on grain yield in both seasons, except the interactions between by three factors in the first season only.
10. Straw yield (ton/fed): It was significantly affected by varying tillage systems. The highest straw yield was resulted from completely tillage compared with un-tillage. Straw yield was significantly increased with increasing organic N levels in both seasons. The highest values of straw yield was recorded when 75% of the recommended of rate of N was added via inorganic source. The effect of organic and bio-fertilizer was significant on straw yield in both seasons. The highest values of straw yield were obtained from organic + bio-fertilizer treatment as compared with the other treatments. All the interactions had significant effect on straw yield, except the interaction between tillage systems x nitrogen fertilizer in the first season. Also, the interactions between tillage systems x organic and bio-fertilizer and between the three studied factors had no significant effect on straw yield.