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Abstract
The present work was carried out to differentiate between traditional and some modern methods for diagnosis of bovine babesiosis. A total of 150 animals from small farms located in different places in Kalubia Governorate including 83 cattle and 67 buffaloes aged from one to three years were used. The samples were collected from infected and healthy in contact animals. Two blood samples were collected from each animal from jugular vein, sample with anticoagulant for PCR while the second sample was collected without anticoagulant for IFAT and ELISA. The infected cattle and buffaloes were suffered from fever (41°C), inappetance, depression, weakness, pale mucous membrane, weight loss, with accelerated heart and respiratory rates. Blood film examination revealed 20.66% (31out of 150) of cattle and buffaloes were infected with B. bigemina, 28.9% (24 out of 83) of cattle and 10.44% (7 out of 67) of buffaloes so, it detected higher prevalence in cattle than in buffaloes. The present study added that blood film was less sensitive in subclinical or latent infection. Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay when used to identify antibodies against B. bigemina in serum collected from cattle and buffaloes revealed prevalence of 34% (51 out of 150). This high percentage of ELISA prevalence rate compared to blood film examination as a gold standard might be attributed to cross reaction between some protozoan parasites related genetically to each others which leading to high false positive reaction with negative sera. While ELISA recorded prevalence of 49.39% (41 out of 83) and 14.92% (10 out of 67) in cattle and buffaloes respectively which also indicated higher prevalence in cattle than in buffaloes. Immmunofluorescent antibody technique identified antibodies response against B. bigemina in 22.66% (34 out of 150) of cattle and buffaloes, this technique detected three samples which were negative with blood film examination as this three cases may be sub-clinically infected or clinically recovered animals which having antibodies against B. bigemina although protozoa not present in blood. Also IFAT recorded prevalence of 32.53% (27 out of 83) and 10.44% (7 out of 67) in cattle and buffaloes respectively. Finally PCR detected the presence of Babesia in blood of infected cattle and buffaloes with prevalence 25.33% (38 out of 150). Polymerase chain reaction detected 7 samples which were negative with blood film examination as these animals may be sub-clinically or chronic infected carriers in which protozoa may be hidden in liver and so its DNA can be detected by PCR amplification. Also it revealed higher prevalence in cattle than in buffaloes which recorded as 34.93% (29 out of 83) in cattle and 13.43% (9 out of 67) in buffaloes. Antibodies tend to disappear in long-term carriers, whereas piroplasms persist and animals with negative serological techniques can be still a source of infection and infect the ticks. Therefore Polymerase chain reaction was used to record the presence of B. bigemina in salivary gland extract (SGE) of ticks collected from infected animals on using specific Babesia primer.