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العنوان
تأثيرات بعض الزيوت الطبيعية على طفيليات وأمراض نحل العسل فى منطقة أسيوط=
المؤلف
محمد, محمود محمد حسين .
الموضوع
امراض نحل العسل - اسيوط .
تاريخ النشر
2007 .
عدد الصفحات
210,9ص . :
اللغة
العربية
الدرجة
ماجستير
التخصص
علوم الحشرات
الناشر
تاريخ الإجازة
25/11/2004
مكان الإجازة
جامعة أسيوط - كلية الزراعة - وقايه النبات
الفهرس
يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام

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المستخلص

This work was carried out during three successive years of 2004, 2005 and 2006. Laboratory work was conducted in Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, whereas field experiments were performed in the apiary of the same department.
Part I- Effect of tested plant oils on some activities of honey bee colonies in Assiut region:
1- Effect of used plant oils on unsealed and sealed workers brood areas in honey bee colonies:
Based on percent increase or decrease (+ or -), from control, of mean total (unsealed + sealed) workers brood areas (sq. inch.), the tested plant oils and oils mixtures, during 2004-2006, can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), eucalyptus (+39.86%); (2), marjoram (+20.34%); (3), eucalyptus + basil (+16.81%); (4), marjoram + lemongrass (+16.35%); (5), coriander (+13.69%), (6), eucalyptus + geraniol (+13.01%); (7), fenugreek (+10.21%); (8), anise (+8.69%); (9), peppermint (+4.35%); (10), black cumin (+2.19%), and (11), eucalyptus + coriander (-11.15%).
2- Effect of examined plant oils on bee population in honey bee colonies:
Using percent increase or decrease, from control, of mean bee population/colony, the tested oils and mixtures of oils, during 2004-2006, can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), eucalyptus (+23.90%); (2), coriander (+13.12%); (3), peppermint (+11.89%); (4), marjoram (+11.39%); (5), fenugreek (+11.26%); (6), eucalyptus + geraniol (+10.60%); (7), marjoram + lemongrass (+9.58%); (8), eucalyptus + basil (+8.44%); (9), anise (+7.32%); (10), black cumin (+1.91%); and (11), eucalyptus + coriander (-13.57%).
3- Effect of tested plant oils on foraging and pollen gathering by honey bee colonies:
Based on percent increase or decrease from control of mean foraging activity (foragers/min./colony), tested oils and mixtures of oils, during 2004-2006, can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), marjoram + lemongrass (+68.92%); (2), eucalyptus + geraniol (+39.97%); (3), eucalyptus (+37.25%); (4), marjoram (+25.67%); (5), eucalyptus + coriander (+24.90%); (6), eucalyptus + basil (+18.71%); (7), fenugreek (+13.50%); (8), coriander (+4.80%); (9), peppermint (-0.01%); (10), black cumin (-3.81%); and (11), anise (-7.20%).
Using percent increase or decrease, from control of mean pollen collection activity (pollen collectors/min./colony), the used oils and oils mixtures, during 2004-2006, can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), marjoram + lemongrass (+37.49%); (2), eucalyptus (+28.80%); (3), marjoram (+22.87%); (4), eucalyptus + geraniol (+21.74%); (5), eucalyptus + coriander (+16.55); (6), fenugreek (+15.10%); (7), eucalyptus + basil (+9.76%); (8), peppermint (+3.27%); (9), coriander (+3.10%); (10), black cumin (-3.13%); and (11), anise (-8.21%).
4- Effect of tested plant oils on food stores (bee bread and honey) in honey bee colonies:
Based on percent increase or decrease, from control, of stored pollen or bee bread area (sq. inch./colony), the tested treatments during 2004-2006, can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), fenugreek (+47.65%); (2), marjoram + lemongrass (+45.23%); (3), marjoram (+43.16%); (4), eucalyptus + basil (+41.99%); (5), peppermint (+35.04%); (6), coriander (+29.48%); (7), eucalyptus + geraniol (+29.16%); (8), eucalyptus (+28.62%); (9), black cumin (+13.90%); (10), anise (+11.98%), and (11), eucalyptus + coriander (-15.74%).
Using percent increase or decrease, from control, of stored (sealed) honey area (sq. inch./colon), the tested treatments, can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), marjoram (+93.04%); (2), eucalyptus (+92.76%); (3), peppermint (+73.64%); (4), coriander (+64.09%); (5), fenugreek (+59.49%); (6), black cumin (+59.45%); (7), anise (+39.56%); (8), eucalyptus + geraniol (+16.58%); (9), marjoram + lemongrass (-8.09%); (10), eucalyptus + basil (-10.97%); and (11), eucalyptus + coriander (-13.16%).
Total scores (T.S.) and ranking order (R.O.) of the effect of tested treatments on studied biometrics, can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), eucalyptus = marjoram (17); (2), marjoram + lemongrass (25); (3), fenugreek (31); (4), eucalyptus + geraniol (33), (5), coriander (34); (6), peppermint (37); (7), eucalyptus + basil (39); (8), black cumin (57); (9), anise = eucalyptus + coriander (58); and, (10), control (61).
Statistical analysis of the effect of tested treatments on studied biometrics, revealed that, during 2004, insignificant differences in unsealed or sealeded brood areas, foraging and pollen gathering, were noticed between all treatments and control. Significant differences on: bee population, in marjoram, peppermint, and anise treatments; bee bread areas, in peppermint treatment; and sealed honey areas, in black cumin treatment. However, insignificant differences, were noticed in other treatments, in aforementioned biometrics.
During 2005, significant differences were detected between treatments and control, concerning: unsealed brood areas, in marjoram, eucalyptus and anise treatments; sealed brood areas and foraging, in coriander, eucalyptus, and marjoram; bee population, in marjoram, eucalyptus peppermint, and anise treatments; pollen gathering, in marjoram, and eucalyptus; bee bread areas, in marjoram, coriander, eucalyptus, peppermint and fenugreek treatments; and sealed honey areas in all tested treatments. Significant differences in all studied biometrics were found between each of marjoram, and eucalyptus treatments and control.
During 2004-2005, significant differences were noticed between treatments and control, concerning: unsealed brood areas, foraging and pollen gathering, in marjoram and eucalyptus treatments, sealed brood areas and their total with unsealed brood, in marjoram, coriander and eucalyptus; bee bread areas, in marjoram, coriander, eucalyptus, peppermint and fenugreek treatments; and in sealed honey areas, in all treatments, as during 2005. Significant differences in all tested biometrics were detected, between eucalyptus treatment and control.
During 2006, significant differences, were found between treatments and control, concerning: unsealed brood areas, in (eucalyptus + coriander) treatment; sealed brood areas, in (eucalyptus + basil), (marjoram + lemongrass), and (eucalyptus + gernaiol) treatments; total of unsealed and sealed brood areas, bee population, and foraging activity, in all tested treatments; pollen gathering activity, in (eucalyptus + coriander); (marjoram + lemongrass), and (eucalyptus + geraniol) treatments; bee bread areas, in (eucalyptus + basil) and (marjoram + lemongrass); and sealed honey areas in (eucalyptus + geraniol) treatment.
Part II- Effect of tested plant oils on varroa, chalk brood, wax moths and worker honey bees:
1 – Effect of examined plant oils on fallen varroa in hive debris:
Based on the effect % of tested oils or mixtures of oils, on the mean number of varroa, in debris, as compared with control, during 2004-2006, they can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), eucalyptus + coriander (+101.06%); (2), eucalyptus + geraniol (+60.10%); (3), eucalyptus + basil (+44.14%); (4), marjoram + lemongrass (+30.85%); (5), marjoram (+30.71%); (6), fenugreek (+28.74%); (7), black cumin (+22.83%); (8), anise (+19.69%); (9), eucalyptus (+9.06%); (10), coriander (-0.78%); and (11), peppermint (-3.94%).
During 2004, 2006, highly significant differences were detected in mean numbers of varroa, in hive debris, before and after treatment with all tested plant oils.
2 - Effect of used plant oils on chalk brood disease:
Based on the effect % of tested oils or mixtures of oils, during 2004-2006, on mean number of infected mummies, in hive debris, as compared with control, they can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), coriander (+271.94%); (2), eucalyptus + coriander (+229.83%); (3), marjoram + lemongrass (+205.08%); (4), eucalyptus + basil (+93.55%); (5), fenugreek (+74.10%); (6), eucalyptus (+61.87%); (7), marjoram (+59.00%); (8), black cumin (+47.48%); (9), peppermint (+46.05%); (10), eucalyptus + geraniol (+29.03%); and (11), anise (+5.04%). During 2004-2006, insignificant differences were detected in mean numbers of mummies, in hive debris, before and after treatment with all used oils and oils mixtures, except with coriander and marjoram + lemongrass treatments.
3 - Effect of tested oils on wax moths, in hive debris:
Using percent effect as compared with control, of tested treatments, on mean number of wax moths larvae/colony, in hive debris, they can be arranged in a descending order as follow: (1), eucalyptus + gernaiol (+133.34%); (2), eucalyptus + coriander (+93.83%); (3), marjoram + lemongrass (+59.03%); (4), coriander (+1.25%); (5), marjoram (+1.00%); (6), eucalyptus + basil (-1.00%); (7), fenugreek (-1.79%); (8), eucalyptus (-18.93%); (9), black cumin (-35.72%); (10), peppermint (-52.15%); and (11), anise (-53.22%). During 2004-2006, significant differences between mean numbers of larvae, in hive debris, before and after treatment with all tested oils and oils mixtures, except, with marjoram or coriander treatments.
4 – Effect of tested oils on dead workers in hive debris:
Based on percent effect, of tested plant oils and oil mixtures, as compared with control, on mean number of dead workers/colony, in hive debris, they an be arranged in an ascending order, as follow: (1), marjoram + lemongrass (-18.68%); (2), eucalyptus + geraniol (-17.26%); (3), eucalyptus + coriander (+10.40%); (4), black cumin (+24.81%); (5), peppermint (+31.60%); (6), eucalyptus + basil (+37.12%); (7), fenugreek (+37.86%); (8); marjoram (+39.65%); (9), coriander (+66.58%); (10), eucalyptus (+67.63%); and (11), anise (+91.65%). Highly significant differences were detected in mean numbers of dead workers, in hive debris, before and after treatment with all tested oils or oils mixtures, during 2004-2006. The same was noticed in case of varroa, in hive debris.
5 - Effect of tested oils on brood infestation with varroa:
Using percent of effect of tested oils and mixtures of oils on percent infestation of brood with varroa, as compared with control, they can be arranged in an ascending order as follow: (1), anise (-48.91); (2), fenugreek (-46.13); (3), eucalyptus + basil (-41.48); (4), marjoram + lemongrass (-39.61); (5), black cumin (-34.56); (6), peppermint (-29.42); (7), eucalyptus (-27.71); (8), eucalyptus + geraniol (-15.35); (9), marjoram (-4.13); (10), eucalyptus + coriander (-1.62); and (11), coriander (+3.39). During 2004-2006, significant differences, were noticed, in brood infestation with varroa, and control, in marjoram, coriander, eucalyptus + basil, and marjoram + lemongrass, treatments.
6 - Effect of tested oils on brood infection with chalk brood:
Based on the percentage of effect of tested treatments during 2004-2006, on infection % of brood with chalk brood, as compared with control, they can be arranged in an ascending order as follow: (1), eucalyptus + basil = marjoram + lemongrass (-100%); (2), eucalyptus + geraniol (-88.89%); (3), fenugreek (-79.99%); (4), black cumin (-75.57%); (5), marjoram (-68.34%); (6), anise (-60.23%); (7), eucalyptus (-41.78%); (8), peppermint (-37.93%); and (9), eucalyptus + coriander (+11.12%) and (10), coriander (+12.91%). During 2004-2006, significant decrease in brood infection with chalk brood were detected between all treatments and control, except (eucalyptus + coriander) and coriander treatment.
It is obvious that, coriander oil and its mixture with eucalyptus oil, were the least effective treatments against infection of brood with chalk brood disease, because infection (%) of brood, in these treatments, was more than that of control.
During 2004, 2005 and average of 2004-2005, significant decrease in brood infection with chalk brood, and brood infestation with varroa, as compared with control, were noticed in three treatments: black cumin, fenugreek and anise. However, during 2006, significant decrease in brood infection with chalk brood, and brood infestation with varroa, were observed in two treatments: (eucalyptus + basil) and (marjoram + lemongrass) treatments.
Total scores and ranking order of tested treatments were used to evaluate different used oils and oil mixtures, and to arrange examined treatments in a descending order as follow: (1), marjoram + lemongrass (16); (2), eucalyptus + geraniol = eucalyptus + basil (25); (3), eucalyptus + coriander (30); (4), fenugreek (32); (5), black cumin (39); (6), marjoram (49); (7), coriander (48); (8), eucalyptus (49); (9), peppermint (52); (10), anise (50); and (11), control (53).
Taking in consideration the aforementioned evaluation, and evaluation of biometrics: brood rearing, bee population, foraging and pollen gathering and food stores (bee bread and honey), from Part I, it is possible to arrange tested treatments in a descending order as follow: (1), marjoram + lemongrass (41); (2), marjoram (57); (3), eucalyptus + geraniol (58), (4), fenugreek (63); (5), eucalyptus + basil (64); (6), eucalyptus (66); (7), coriander (82); (8), eucalyptus + coriander (86); (9), peppermint (89); (10), black cumin (96); (11), anise (108); and (12), control (114).
It is of interest to note that, a mixture of marjoram oil with lemongrass oil, was more potent than marjoram oil alone, and a mixture of eucalyptus oil with: geraniol, or basil oils, were more effective, than eucalyptus alone, while the reverse is true, in a mixture of eucalyptus + coriander. Using of coriander oil alone, was better than its mixture with eucalyptus oil.