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Abstract
o Stem cells are defined as clonogenic, self-renewing progenitor cells that can generate one or more specialized cell types capable of differentiation into several different cells. Stem cells can be classified into two major categories, according to their developmental status: ESCs and adult stem cells.
o ESCs are pluripotent cells isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst-stage mammalian embryo. Pluripotent cells are cells capable of giving rise to most tissues of the organism, including the germ line during development.
o Adult stem cells are specialized cells found within many tissues of the body where they function in tissue homeostasis and repair. They have been shown to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, endothelial cells, skeletal myocytes, glia, neurons, and cardiac myocytes.
o HSCs are a classical example of adult stem cells. HSCs are isolated from the bone marrow, peripheral blood after mobilization with hematopoietic growth factors, and umbilical cord. They are able to generate all the blood types and the immune system.