الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out in three experiments at Fish Research Center and Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, to investigate :-
1- The effect of partial replacement of yellow corn by dried citrus pulp as unconventional feed stuff with and without addition of Bio-Buds as a probiotic in the diets of Tilapia Nilotica fingerlings and its effect on growth performance, body composition, nutrient digestibility, economic efficiency and immune status.
2- The effect of sugar-beet pulp as alternative ingredient for yellow corn with and without addition of Bio-Mos as a prebiotic in the diets of Tilapia Nilotica fingerlings and its effect on growth performance, body composition, nutrient digestibility, economic efficiency and immune status.
3- The effect of addition of different natural growth promoters (NGPs) such as essential oils, organic acids, and synbiotic in compare with antibiotic in the diets of Tilapia Nilotica fingerlings and its effect on growth performance, body composition, nutrient digestibility, economic efficiency and immune status.
Experiment I:-
This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of partial replacement of yellow corn by dried citrus pulp as unconventional feed stuff with or without addition of Bio-Buds as a probiotic in the diets of Tilapia Nilotica fingerlings and its effect on growth performance, body composition and nutrient digestibility, economic efficiency and immune response. A total of 360 Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were nearly of the same size with mean body weight (17.71±0.09 gm). The fish were allotted into equal 6 triplicate groups, each replicate contained 20 fish in cages in artificial concrete pond with de chlorinated water and air supplied by a large air compressor. The fish were fed on 6 isonitrogenous, isocaloric diet containing 5% and 10% dried citrus pulp as unconventional feed stuff with and without addition of Bio-Buds at rate of 2gm /kg diet for 12 weeks as follows:-
Group 1 fed on control diet without Bio-Buds, group 2 fed on control diet with Bio-Buds, group 3 fed on diet contained 5% citrus pulp without Bio-Buds group 4 fed on diet contained 5% citrus pulp with Bio-Buds, group 5 fed on diet contained 10% citrus pulp without Bio-Buds, and group 6 fed on diet contained 10% citrus pulp with Bio-Buds. The fish were fed the experimental diets at rate of 2-3% of the body weight, for 12 weeks followed by 3 weeks for digestibility trials.
Results can be summarized into the following:-
1- Fish group fed on diet contained 5% dried citrus pulp with Bio-buds achieved a significant higher growth performance, feed utilization and feed conversion ratio followed by control group with Bio-buds in comparison with other fish groups.
2- Protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein retention and protein productive value (PPV) were higher in the fish group which fed on diet contained 5% dried citrus pulp with Bio-buds followed by control group with Bio-buds in comparison with other fish groups.
3- The highest values of condition factor were recorded in fish group fed on diet contained 5% dried citrus pulp with Bio-buds