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Abstract
The articulatory organs that are directly implicated in the articulation of the sounds of interest are:
1- The Tongue.
2- The Pharynx.
3- The Soft Palate.
4- The Larynx.
As regard Physiology of sound production: The human voice production mechanism can be roughly divided into three parts: lungs, vocal folds, and vocal tract.
Emphatics:
Arabic emphatics, are /s/, /t/, /d/, /ð/ that involve a secondary articulation in the form of a retracted tongue dorsum resulting in a narrowing in the upper portion of the pharynx
/s/ voiceless, fricative, alveodental, pharynglized
/t/ voiceless, stop, alveodental, pharynglized
/d/voiced, stop, alveodental, pharynglized.
/ð/voiced fricative, interdental, pharynglized.
By Electropalatograph there is no significant deference between emphatic and non emphatic sounds in articulation except that the emphatic sounds are characterized by features known as (rising up ) (استعلاء)
Emphatic are generally associated with a lowered F2 and raised F1 in adjacent vowels in comparison with their non-emphatic counterparts.
Uvulars:
Arabic has two uvular fricatives, the voiceless /χ/ and the voiced / ʁ /, and one uvular stop /q/. These sounds are produced with a general raising and retraction of the tongue dorsum towards then soft palate. This maneuver is comprised of two movements: the dorsum is first pulled back, and then it is raised towards the uvular region. In /χ/ and /q/, the uvula is flattened and held up. In / ʁ /, the uvula is curled downwards towards the tongue.
Acoustically, /ʁ/ shows formant-like structures while /χ/ shows aperiodic noise. All three uvulars spread emphasis onto neighboring vowels.
Pharyngeals:
Arabic has two pharyngeal sounds: the voiceless /ħ/ and the voiced / ʕ /. Both sounds involve a low pharyngeal constriction due to the retraction of the tongue root and the epiglottis. Articulation of pharyngeals is also reported to involve raising the larynx and advancing the lower part of the posterior wall of the pharynx. Meanwhile, the tongue body is held in a medial position in the oral cavity, there are different reports regarding the degree and level of constriction of Arabic pharyngeals.
Acoustically, both sounds show vowel-like formant structure throughout their articulation. Arabic pharyngeals are generally associated with high F1 in neighboring vowels.