الفهرس 
ِAcknowledgement
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Abstract
The aim of the present work is the study of the stifle joint in buffalo and
cattle to indicate the causes of the high incidence of the upward fixation of the
patella in buffalo than in cattle. This study was carried out on ten stifle regions,
five for each adult buffalo and cattle of local breeds. The specimens were dissected
grossly. The obtained results can be summarized in the following:
- The trochlear groove is shallower in buffalo (8.29 mm) than in cattle
(9.54 0.69).
- The trochlear groove is narrower in buffalo (42.87 2.71) than in cattle
(48.52 2.28).
-The patellar ligaments are longer in buffalo than cattle, where the length of the
medial, intermediate and lateral patellar ligaments is141.85±0.58, 161.88±0.50
and151.43±0.30 mm respectively in buffalo and is 136.46± 0.45, 146.99±0.4 and
141.46±0.43 mm respectively in cattle. The patellar ligaments are thicker in cattle
than buffalo where the thickness of the medial, intermediate and lateral patellar
ligaments is 3.56 0.02 , 5.17 0.07 and 8.62 0.03 mm respectively in cattle
and is3.52 0.05 , 4.27 0.04 and 7.90 0.04 mm respectively in buffalo.
-The lateral collateral ligament of buffalo (107.73±5.62 mm) and cattle (97.07±0.58
mm) has nearly the same length. The medial collateral ligament is longer in buffalo
(138.53±0.86 mm) than cattle (106.90± 2.53 mm).
The animals which are predisposed to the upward fixation of the
patella may be characterized by the following features:
1- The ridges of the trochlea of the femur are unequal in length and size, therefore
the medial ridge is longer and larger than the lateral one. Consequently the
trochlea has a gliding and resting parts. The resting part is directed
craniodorsally over which the patella is fixed during its upward fixation. The patella glides during extension and flexion on the gliding part which represents
the whole trochlea in other animals.
2-The patella has gliding and resting parts. The gliding part represented by two
facets separated by a vertical ridge.
3- There are three patellar ligaments which are longer than the length of the
articular surface of the patella, this leads to its upward fixation.
4-The space between the medial and intermediate patellar ligaments is wider than
that between the intermediate and lateral patellar ligaments to form a loop
around the medial ridge.
5-The medial patellar ligament gives attachment to the vastus intermedius muscle
which draws the patella dorsomedially, the direction of the upward fixation of
the patella.
Why the incidence of the upward fixation of the patella is higher in
buffalo than in cattle?
1- The trochlear groove is shallower and narrower in buffalo than in cattle. The
articular surface patella is larger in buffalo than in cattle, so the adaptation
between the trochlea and the patella is incongruent.
2- The resting part of the trochlea and that of the patella is larger in buffalo than
in cattle.
3-The patellar ligaments are longer in buffalo than in cattle.
4- The space between the medial and intermediate patellar ligaments is wider in
buffalo than in cattle, therefore the loop formed between these ligaments may
be catched over the medial ridge.
5- The caudal ligament of the lateral meniscus is longer in buffalo than cattle.
This may predispose to move the femur more cranially.
6-The stability of the menisci in buffalo is less than cattle this may be due to the
absence of the transverse genual ligament which fixes the menisci cranially.