الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2007/08 and 2008/09 at the Laboratory and Agricultural Experimental Farm of the Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agricultural, AL-Azhar University, Assiut governorate.
The present investigation aimed to studying the effect of application organic materials (filter mud cake, sheep and chicken manures) and chemical fertilizer alone or combined with bio-fertilizer (EM) on the soil nutrient content, plant growth and nutrient content of the tested crops.
The first experiment:-
The experimental design was a randomized split-plot design with four replicates. EM was in the main plot and organic materials (chicken, sheep manures and filter mud cake) treatments were randomly assigned in the sub-plots. The combinations ten treatments as follows:
1 - Control. 2 - Control + EM.
3 - Chemical fertilizer (100 % N). 4 - Chemical fertilizer + EM.
5 - Filter mud cake (100 % N). 6 - Filter mud cake + EM.
7 - Chicken manure (100 % N). 8 - Chicken manure + EM.
9 - Sheep manure (100 % N). 10 - Sheep manure + EM.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
1- Wheat plants.
• The highest values of plant height and total dry biomass were obtained under the treatment fertilized with chicken manure with EM.
• The maximum value of nitrogen content, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen recovery % in wheat plant shoots were obtained with the treatment received EM with chicken manure followed by sheep manure, filter mud cake.
• The maximum value of phosphorus content and uptake in wheat plant shoots was obtained with EM with chicken manure followed by sheep manure, filter mud cake.
• With potassium content and uptake in wheat plant shoots the maximum values were obtained with EM with sheep manure followed by lowest filter mud cake. However, the highest value of potassium uptake was recorded with the chicken manure with EM.
2- Marjoram plants.
The plants was harvested for three cuts and the obtained results could be summarized as follows:
• Application of organic materials as the source of organic fertilizer, chicken manure with EM gave the highest average number of branches/plant, herb fresh weight (g/pot) and herb dry weight (g/pot) followed by sheep manure and filter mud cake in the presence of EM.
• Application of sheep manure with EM gave the highest concentration of chlorophyll (a) (mg/g tissue) in herb tissues of marjoram plants at the three cutting stages.
• Application of filter mud cake without EM gave the highest concentration of chlorophyll (b) (mg/g fresh tissue) in herb tissues of marjoram plants at the three cutting stages.
• Application of chicken manure without EM gave the highest concentration of total chlorophyll (mg/g tissue) in herb tissues of marjoram plants at the three cutting stages.
• Nitrogen content, uptake and recovery % in herb tissues of marjoram plants significantly increased by the chicken manure with EM at the three cutting stages. while, the lowest value was recorded for filter mud cake without EM.
• Phosphorus content and uptake in herb tissues of marjoram plants significantly increased by both sheep manure and chicken manure with EM at the three cutting. While, the lowest value was recorded for filter mud cake without EM.
• Potassium content and uptake in herb tissues of marjoram plants significantly increased by the sheep manure with EM at the three cutting followed by chicken manure and filter mud cake both without EM.
3 - Soil chemical properties.
Application of organic materials (chicken, sheep manures and filter mud cake) and/ or effective microorganism (EM) led to:
• Electrical conductivity (EC): Data show that the EC in the soil after harvesting time for both plants, caused slightly increase in soil salinity due to the addition of organic materials alone or with EM compared with control or chemical treatment. In this case, the highest increase in the soil E.C was noticed when sheep manure applied, which amounted to 34.19 and 37.12 % for both plants compared to the control.
• Soil pH reductions: Reductions of soil pH after harvesting both wheat and marjoram plants was significantly compared with the control. In this case, the highest reduced in soil pH was noticed when filter mud cake applied, the decreasing in the soil pH reached 0.23 and 0.03 pH unit after harvesting compared with the control, respectively.
• Total nitrogen content: The data reveal that the addition of chicken manure with EM was significantly increased total N content after harvesting of both wheat and marjoram plants compared with the control.
• Available phosphorus: The data reveal that the addition organic materials alone or with EM significantly increased available-P. The highest percentage increase 213.91 and 62.29 % over control treatment were obtained by the chicken manure with EM treatment after wheat and marjoram plants, respectively.
• Available and exchangeable potassium: Data showed that application organic materials alone or/and with EM increases the available and exchangeable potassium over the control. The highest values of available and exchangeable potassium were obtained by the combination of sheep manure with EM after wheat and marjoram plants.
The second experiment:-
The experimental design was simple experiment in complete randomized blocks design with four replicates. Based on the results of the first experiments, the best organic manures treatments were choosing, It was carried out to study the direct and residual effect of combined different ratios of manures (chicken, sheep manures and chemical nitrogen fertilizer) with EM.
The experimental unit area was 6 m2 (2 X 3 m). Therefore, included seven treatments under flooding and drip irrigation systems were as follows:
NO Treatment code Source of organic-N (100%)
1 T1 Control
2 T2 Control + EM
3 T3 100 % CM + EM
4 T4 75 % CM + 25 % SM + EM
5 T5 50 % CM + 50 % SM + EM
6 T6 50 % CM + 25 % SM + 25 % CF + EM
7 T7 25 % CM + 50 % SM + 25 % CF + EM
EM=effective microorganisms. CM=Chicken manure. SM=Sheep manure. CF=Chemical fertilizer
1- Marjoram plants.
Each plot contained 28 plants, the plants was harvested as three cuts, the obtained results could be summarized as follows:
• Dry weight of leaves and yield (kg/fed.): The maximum values of the dry leaves (g/plant) and dry leaves yield of marjoram plants at the different cutting stages were obtained when received T6 under flooding irrigation system. On the other hand, the minimum values were recorded with T2 under drip irrigation system.
• Volatile oil yield (kg/fed.): The maximum values of the oil volatile yield (89.76 kg/fed.) of marjoram plants at the different cutting stages were obtained when received T6 under flooding irrigation system, while the minimum values average were (34.18 kg/fed.) recorded with T2 under drip irrigation system.
• Nitrogen uptake (g/kg) and nitrogen use efficiency (kg dw/kg N): The maximum values average (5.34 g/kg and 9.60) for the N-uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of marjoram plants at the different cutting stages were obtained when received T6 under flooding irrigation system. Meanwhile, the minimum values average (2.67 g/kg and 1.88) were obtained by T2 under drip irrigation system.
• Economic evaluation: Data indicated that the economic evaluation of dry leaves yield of marjoram plant the maximum values of gross and net revenue (21623.03 and 13545.10 E.L./fed.) along with higher P:C ratio (2.68) were obtained in the treatment T6 under flooding irrigation system.
2- Wheat plants.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
• Grain and straw yield (t fed.-1): The maximum values of grain and straw yield (2.798 and 2.728 ton/fed.) and (3.925 and 3.901 ton/fed.) were obtained in the treatment T6 under drip and flooding irrigation systems, respectively.
• Nitrogen content (%) and protein (%): The maximum values of nitrogen content (2.45 and 2.25 %) and protein (14.09 and 12.93%) were obtained in the treatment T6 under drip and flooding irrigation systems, respectively.
• Biological yield (t fed.-1): The maximum values of biological yield (6.723 and 6.629 ton/fed.) were obtained in the treatment T6 under drip and flooding irrigation systems, respectively.
• Nitrogen use efficiency (kg dw/kg N): The maximum values of total biomass (25.46 and 23.77) were obtained in the treatment T6 under drip and flooding irrigation systems, respectively.
• Economic evaluation: The maximum values of gross and net revenue (9521.00 and 3219.32 E.L./fed.) along with higher P:C ratio (1.51) were obtained in the treatment T6 under drip irrigation system.
• In general, it may be stated that the application of 25 % of the recommended dose of N as a mineral fertilizer and the other 75 % in the form of chicken and sheep manures gave the highest production under both of flood and drip irrigation systems.
3- Sunflower plants.
After harvesting of the first crop (wheat), the same experimental plots, were cultivated again with sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) to study the residual effect of fertilizer mixtures + EM on sunflower yield and yield components. The results of residual effect could be summarized as the following:
• Weight of 1000-seed (g) and seed yield (t fed.-1): Irrespective of the residual effect of fertilizer mixtures + EM, the treatment T6 recorded the maximum increase in weight of 1000-seed and seed yield were (76.77 g) and (2.524 ton/fed.) under flooding irrigation system.
• Seed’s oil content (%) and oil yield (Kg/fed.): Irrespective of the residual effect of fertilizer mixtures + EM, the treatment T6 recorded the maximum increase in seed’s oil content and oil yield were (31.82 %) and (803.07 Kg/fed.) under flooding irrigation system.
• Seed’s N content % and nitrogen uptake (g/kg): Irrespective of the residual effect of fertilizer mixtures + EM, the treatment T6 recorded the maximum increase in seed’s N content and nitrogen uptake were (4.29 %) and (10.800 g/kg) under drip and flooding irrigation systems, respectively.
Finally and according to the obtained results, the following conclusion and recommendations under these conditions and the resembling conditions could be made.
• from this results, obtain herb and oil yield with the least pollution of chemical fertilizers, it may be recommended supply marjoram plant with the mixtures ratios of chicken manure 50 %, sheep manure 25 %, chemical N-fertilizers 25 % sources of N-fertilization and EM at 2 L/fed. proved to be the superior combined under flooding irrigation system, but there is no significant differences with drip irrigation system. Therefore, it may be stated that drip irrigation is recommended for marjoram plant due to the quantity of water which can be saved under this system.
• Generally, application of combined organic manures and effective microorganisms was positively affected of growth and yield of wheat plant, the best combined treatment T6 including (50 % CM + 25 % SM + 25 % CF + EM at 4 L/fed.) under drip irrigation system, gave the highest production of straw, seed and total yield of wheat.