الفهرس 
المقدمةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
 |  | from | 337 |  |  |
| | | from | 337 | | |
المستخلص
Thesis studies the economic and social conditions in Alexandria in the 16th and 17th centuries, namely aspects are interrelated and interactive and affect each other and is also affected by it. Through this, we can draw a picture of one of the most important cities of Egyptian ports. In the first of the thesis, there is an introductory chapter about the management of the city after Egypt’s transition into an Ottman province, but the Administrative system applied by the ottman Empire in areas under its rule , has led to no change in the management of the city than it was in the Mamluk period. The characterization that dominated the management jobs are overlapping in specializations and inheriting most of the jobs The study concluded that the most important problems facing the administrative body in the city were due to the presence of Bedouins inside it and on its borders.The management tried to solve most these problem but in vain. Concerning economic aspects, the study dealt with the foreign trade and trade with each of the cities, north and west of the Mediterranean as well as the east, and then trade with Africa The study, then dealt with the dangers of which faced foreign trade like the navy and the Nile piracy and the impact of wind in drawing, destroying and burning boats The Study also handled the internal trade and relationship with other ports in Egypt (Bulaq, ancient Egypt, the Red sea, Damielta and Rosetta).In addition to financial regulations witnessed by commercial movement in the city such as the types of Contracts and all financial operations of investment, setting up companies, borrowing and lending, Deposit, mortgage, swap and usury and so on. The study concluded that the dominated feature of the companies of the Ottman period is marked by not being continuous. The company contract aims at completing a certain process finished by the end of the company. The study also dealt with the domestic market, the transportation network inside the city. The trade or founding commercial companies were not limited on traders only, but also Administrators and military groups within the city. On the other hand, the study focused on revealing the movement of ports in the city and the customs management in it, indicating the functional structure of Administrative body in the customs Diwan, Jews come on the top of it. The study also elaborated the most important expenses of Divan, as well as its most valuable resources which consisted mainly of taxes in all their types like customs taxes, tolls imposed on freight boats and consuls, in addition to agricultural taxes. The study turned to tax exemptions and their mechanisms. And the attitude of El Thaghar people towards taxes and its collectors. In the economic aspects, the study also focused on trades and industries which were spread in the city and were mostly associated with the activity of El thaghar as a port; However, they were related to navigation and commerce such as Hazmon El Behar, all trades on the movement of boats transporting goods and individuals, divers, fishermen, traders and perpetrations.In addition to trades related to metals (copper iron and some types of fuel).The most important work exerted by women in Alexandria such as El Mashetta, singer and clothes saleswomen and other simple trades The most important industries existing in El thaghar, leather industry, the production of salt works, textiles mills, bakeries, sugar, building Materials and chemical Industries. The study also collected all the laws issued and registered in the records which concerned professional classes and sectors existing in El Thaghar with reference to the beginning of establishment of some of these trades which emerged in the form of regulatory framework for the first time. The study also discussed how to arrive the fresh water to the city across the Nassery bay and how to store it in tanks in addition to their restoration and renewal done by Ottman administration. Miri and Royal water wheels, and the role of the lake in cleaning and maintenance of the bay as well as the role of the people of El Thaghar. Then the navigation in the bay and the problems of water arrival to Alexandria and Dams, Barrages, bridges and pavements, springs, wells and water wheels. The most important uses of fresh water in Hamamat and cafes. In agriculture, there were horticultures growing lettuce ”El shanber” and El fasol and the importance of each of them in trade and industry. There were horticultures for most fruit on which industry of grasp and wine was based. There were also gardens of regular trees, not limited on an individual form. With regard to social conditions the study handled the society classes and concluded that the city community isn’t a sectarian mixed families or individuals. Each category brings together all the elements it contains. Hence, the city community and population structure was in the form of a pyramid on whose top were traders (Arab or foreign) followed by the foreign communities (Venetians, French, English, Flemish and Dutch) and the effect of the foreign concessions granted to them on the community of the city then the Moroccans and Dhummies (Jews and christians) and the Bedouins who showed some special traditions regarding the social relations such as marriage by slaughtering and shaking hand. The study showed how the presence of Bedouins in most aspects of life was one of the major factors of disorder of security in community of the city. The study showed the limited role of the honest people (Al Ashraf) on the city, unlike the conditions in the countryside in the same period, as the city wasn’t a center of attraction for the honest people (Al Ashraf). The study also dealt with the judicial practice through the interaction of the judiciary with population cases, and facing the judiciary to customs and tradition in addition to the point of view of population about the judiciary represented in the judge and his deputies. The study then discussed the main cases considered by the judiciary: the family, as one of the social outcomes of piracy, including the social status of prisoner and the role of mediators to set him free, as well as causes of Al Krkjiya, alcohol, murder, thefts, poverty certificates, recordings of repentance and cancelling the proceedings. Moreover, the study determined an entire chapter on personal status and studies the most important women’s issues compared to the status of women in Cairo and Europe and the effect of that on women of Alexandria, in addition to the issues of dowry, alimony and clothing and conciliations of marriage. It also studies the issues of women of Ahl El Zemma. Then divorce and El Khollah in an accurate statistical study including statistics of marriage, divorce and El Khollah and return and prostitution and the administration’s attitude to practise it. The Study also addressed the main problems faced by children and minors in the community of the city where the economic factor was the biggest reason, followed by family disintegration, so the issues of early employment, early marriage, parental divorce, custody, expenditure and issues of analysis and sexual abuse. The study also handled religious, cultural and health life pointing out the relation between waqf and religious life and conscience corruption of some of trustees of waqf. Religious facilities (Mosques Shrines and tombs, small mosques, Takayas, Espla in the city and the island) and those which assonated with school facilities. In addition to receiving tables of the city schools and their location in both the city and the island. It has been proved that education was to teach religiously through EL Katateeb and relied on religious endowments and individual efforts. Then, there was study on the jurisprudents and the poor as one of Muslims, Waqf focusing the light on the christians endowments and to what extent there was social solidarity in those institutions. It also dealt with the pilgrimage convoys and their impact. Then culture, entertainment, celebrations, restaurants and health conditions as well as attention to public Hammamat whether being for men or woman. Moreover, caring for burials and the impact of crises on the community. On the other hand, the study showed some customs that prevailed among members of society. It also showed the belief in superstitions, rumours and blessing of the patriarchs. The study cared for the movement of construction in the city, following the stages of urban development and mobility of population outside the wall, and the areas of professional communities and the factors that led to the migration of people inside the city to the green island and the reconstruction of El Negoah (Upper and lower Egypt, western, two sectors and Fakhouri) The study also indicated the extension of agricultural areas outside El Thaghar such as the sand of Abu Qir, following division of the city – the central area: markets, Al Akhtat, hotels, agencies and shops. Western area (western Nagah and Fakhouri) Eastern area, (Lane of christians – Kom El Dekka – Bab Rashid – Mosque of Safwan) .Then the division of the island, the most popular areas of western, middle and upper Negoah.