الفهرس 
Chapter I : IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Avian influenza viruses are important veterinary and human health pathogens all over the world. Vaccination for prevention or reduction losses due to avian influenza (AI) disease. The majority of AI vaccines used in the field are inactivated. All AI virus vaccines licensed for parental (Subcutaneous and intramuscular) administration.
In this study, the immune response was measured using the haemagglutination inhibition test for different types of imported commercial inactivated avian influenza H5N1 and H5N2 and avian influenza plus Newcastle disease vaccines from different manufacturers. Each vaccine was represented by 5 batches.
A. In concerning with H5N1 avian influenza vaccines, four sources were used and their results as follow:
1- Results of mean log2 haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer of increased gradually from 1st week post vaccination till reached the peak at 4th week post vaccination, for all types of vaccine batches.
2- Results of mean log2 haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer showed maximum titers varied from batch to another and ranged from 7.6 to 10 log2, 7.0 to 11.1 log2, 7.0 to 9.9 log2 and 7.0 to 9.5 log2 for HVRI, YEBIO, Qian Yuan Hao and Zhaoqing, respectively.
B. In case of H5N2 avian influenza vaccines, three sources were used and their results as follow:
1- Results of mean log2 haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer increased gradually from 1st week post vaccination till reached the peak at 4th week post vaccination, for all types of vaccine batches.
2- Results of mean log2 haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer showed maximum titers varied from batch to another and ranged from 7.0 to 8.0 log2, 7.8 to 8.0 log2 and 7.0 to 8.4 log2 for Intervet, Boehringer Ingelhaim and Ceva , respectively.
C- In concerning with avian influenza vaccine plus Newcastle disease vaccine, two sources were used and their results as follow:
1- Results of mean log2 haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer increased gradually from 1st week post vaccination till reached the peak at 4th week post vaccination, for all types of vaccine batches.
2- Results of mean log2 haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer showed maximum titers varied from batch to another and ranged from 7.2 to 8 log2 and 7.0 to 7.6 log2 for Boehringer Ingelhaim and Ceva respectively.
Regarding to the results of challenge test, they are as follows:
1- Results of protection percent (%) of chicks vaccinated with inactivated monovalent influenza H5N1 vaccines; 4 weeks post vaccination ranged from 81.8% to 100%, 80 % to 92 %, 80 % to 90% and 80% to 100% for HVRI, YEBIO, Qian Yuan Hao and Zhaoqing, respectively.
2- Results of protection percent (%) of chicks vaccinated with inactivated monovalent influenza H5N2 vaccine; 4 weeks post vaccination ranged from 80 % to 90%, 80 % to 90% and 80 % to 82.6 % for Intervet, Boehringer Ingelhaim and Ceva, respectively.
3- Results of protection percent (%) of chicks vaccinated with inactivated bivalent Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease vaccine; 4 weeks post vaccination ranged from 80 % to 85% and 80 % to 100 % for Boehringer Ingelhaim and Ceva, respectively.