الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Phobia is an excessive or unreasonable fear of specific object or situation that is generally considered harmless. In fact, if you have phobia, you probably realize that your fear is unreasonable, yet you still can’t control it (Segal, 2006). Phobia also is defined as persistent, unrealistic fears of situations, objects, or activities that often lead to avoidance behaviors. Fear is defined as an emotional and physiological response to recognized external threat. Children’s fears are often natural and arise at specific times in their development a traumatic experience. Children may develop fears from a traumatic experience (e.g. traumatic dog attack), but for some children, there is no clear event that causes the fear to rise . John et al , 1992 ).
Aim of the study :-
To assess the prevalence rate of phobia among primary school children (fourth grade).
Setting of the study:-
The study was carried out in private and governmental primary schools of Assuit city –4th grade. All sectors of Assuit city were included in the study and only two schools from each sector one is eastern and the other is western in each sector.
Subjects:-
The study subjects consisted of 800 children in fourth grade of both sexes. The children were selected randomly from all sectors of Assuit city. The researcher selected odd numbers of the children in every class room until reach twenty students. 400 of them were girls and 400 were boys.
The study was conducted using the following three tools :-
Tool 1) Demographic data of the child interview schedule:-
The tool was developed by the researcher. It included demographic data including information related to age, sex, and residence. .etc.
Tool 11) Socio economic assessment scale:-
This scale has been prepared by Abdullah (1998). Validity and reliability of the scale was done by the author. It contains four main variables, the educational level of the father and mother, the occupation of the father and mother, the total family monthly income and life style of the family.
Tool 111) Phobia scale :-
This scale was developed by Abd elzaher , (2001) . This scale measures the phobia among school children. It consists of twenty items. The answer will be either “yes “or “no “. “Yes “will take the score of 1 and “no “will take the score of zero. The total score of the student equals the number of answers by “yes “in relation to the total score of the scale (20 degree). Validity of the scale was done by the author. Reliability of the scale was done by the auther using test-retest and “r” was 0.91.
from all the previous findings it can be concluded that:-
- It was shown that the age of 73.9% of children was 10 years and the age of 26.1 % of them was 9 years . More than half of the children 57.9% had two siblings and about one third of the children 31.9 % had 3 siblings and one half of the children were boys .
- More than half of the fathers of the studied children 52.2% were graduated from secondary schools and\or higher education
- About two-thirds of the fathers 67% of the studied population were employees. whereas 57.3% of their mothers were house wives.
- As regards socio economic characteristics of the families of the studied children, less than two thirds of them had their own houses 65.1% and more than half of the families of the studies children 61.9% fall in the middle social class .
- As regards prevalence of phobias among the studied children , the highest percentage of phobia was phobia from animals 61.1 % followed by phobia from dark 60.5% .
- Regarding to relation between phobias and age among the studied children ,there was statistically significant difference between children of age nine and those of age ten , regarding phobia of dark where x=9.34& p=0.009 .
- Regarding to relation between phobias and sex among the studied children, there were significant differences between girls and boys regarding different types of phobias.
- In relation between phobias and children number of siblings among the studied children there were no statistically significances between number of siblings and all types of phobias except phobia from people (p- value =0.03) .
- Regarding to relation between phobias and birth order among studied children there were no statistical significant differences between birth order and all types of phobias except phobia from heights (p-value =0.01) .
- A higher percentage of children of high social class were found to have phobia from animals followed by children of middle social class and lastly children of low social class (74.0%, 61.4%, 49.0% respectively) and these differences were statistically significant at p<0,001.
Conclusion and recommendations:-
Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that , phobia present in school age of 9-10 years and affect approximately 1.8% of children who suffer from all items of phobia ,94.8 % of children who suffer from one or more than item of phobia and 3.5 % children did not suffer from phobias . Girls suffer from phobia more than boys . Phobia from dark and animals are the most common phobias among children. By the end of this study it can be recommended that:-
1- Parents should respect the kid’s, opinion, discussing them in different subjects related with the fears, avoiding laughing at their opinions or blaming them. In addition to encouraging the kids to adventure and risk so as to discover the surrounding environment. Thus the parents try to create aright atmosphere prevailed with security which leads to an opportunity for a fruitful discussion with the kid, consequently their fears can’t be hidden but they are cured before they become worse.
2- Schools should be equipped with directions to the methods helping to decrease the fears of kids and the attempt to involve them in the surrounding environment , encouraging them to love , discovery ,risk , making trips and cooperative activities so that they can’t be isolated and pushed to fears .
3- Designing a directive program for the phobic children