الفهرس 
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Abstract
Identification and elimination of hard ticks infecting ruminants In the present study, a total of 334 cattle, 226 buffaloes, and 464 camels were examined from June 2009 to the end of July 2010 in Menoufiya governorate, to identify tick species, Boophilus annulatus from cattle (76.6%), and buffaloes (57.9%), but Hyalomma dromedarii (96.9%), and mixed infection with Amblyomma variegatum (33.1%) from camels. There are a significant difference between infection rate and seasons. Cattle, show the highest rates at Summer ( .0%), in buffaloes, highest rates was at Summer(67.9%), in camels, Hyalomma dromedarii showed the highest rate in Spring (98.0%), also Amblyomma variegatum showed the highest in Spring (58.8%). Concerning sex, and age groups, in cattle and buffaloes age group less than one year shows the high percent (80.6 %), (72.2%), respectively. In camels the highest was in age group less than 1 year (98.5%). In cattle and buffaloes, it was higher in females than males, but in camels it was higher in males (97.3 %) than females (95.9 %). Concerning the density of infection of B. annulatus in the different body regions in cattle, the highest areas were neck and shoulder (53%) with sever infection (19.7ticks/20cm square), while the perineum, udder, testes, under tail, vulva, and anus were (39%), and moderately infected (7.3 ticks/20cm square), the lowest (8%) was lateral abdomens, with mild infection (2.5 ticks/20cm square), in buffaloes, under the tail, anus, testes, perineum and vulva (85.8%)with highly sever infection (17.5 ticks/20Cm square), the ventral abdomen(14.2%)of mild infection(2.5ticks/20Cm square). in camels, of H. dromedarii, under tail & (anus, vulva) region (52.2%)with sever infection (19tick/20Cm square), and Perineum, thigh, udder, testes (37.2%)of moderate infection (9tick/20Cm square), while the abdomen, neck & shoulder region (10.6%)with mild infection (3ticks/20Cm square), but in A. variegatum it was found only under the tail, anus and vulva region (100%) and was of mild density (2 ticks/20Cm square). Morphology of the recovered species, measurements are given as mean in micrometers, and total observations were made. Concerning the application of deltamethrin, diazinon, phoxim with different concentrations(5% - 10%- 15%), (15% -30% - 45%) and (50% -100% - 150%) respectively on adult, larvae, nymph, and eggs of B. annulatus and different exposure times (5,10,20 min), using the Adult immersion test, and larval immersion test, the readings were taken after 3,6,12,24 hours from the exposure; the results of efficacy were as follow:-Deltamethrin: at 5 %, , the efficacy on adult ticks was 40 % and 80 % on nymph, 28% on larvae, and 14%on eggs after 20 minutes exp. time, reading after 24hrs. At 10%, it was 50 % on adult, 80%on nymph, 28% on larvae, and 18% on eggs. At 15%, the highest efficacy was 80% on adult. 80 % on nymph, but on larvae increased progressively as concentration of deltamethrin increased the highest efficacy was 38% mortalities, and 28%on eggs. Diazinon: at 15%, the efficacy was 30% on adult ticks 30 %on nymph, but on larvae it was 26%, and on eggs it was 20%(exp. time: after 20 minutes, reading: after 24hrs). At 30% concentration, the efficacy was 40 % on adult, 50%on nymph, but 30%on larvae; on eggs efficacy increase to 25%. At 45%, the efficacy was 40% on adult (less than deltamethrin). 70 % on nymph, but on larvae, it was 44%, so the larvae mortality increased progressively as concentration of diazinon increased, and on eggs efficacy increased to 28%. Phoxim:- (Exp. time: after 20 minutes, reading: after 24hrs), the efficacy at 50% on adult ticks was 30 %, 30 %, on nymph, but on larvae, it was 26%, and on eggs it was 26%. At 100% concentration, the efficacy was 40 % on adult, 30%on nymph, but on larvae, it was 30%, and on eggs increase to 27%. At 150%, it was 40% on adult. 70 % on nymph, 38% on larvae, and 32%on eggs (higher than diazinon). Mathematically: the efficacy of O.P compounds(diazinon, phoxim) on adult ticks is lower and slower than synthetic pyrethroides(deltamethrin) on the adult ticks but is higher on larvae and eggs than deltamethrin, so adults may take longer than 3-4 days to all ticks on the animal are paralyzed and DROP completely to the ground, and if we doubled or tripled the recommended concentration, we can obtain the maximum efficacy on adult ticks 40% mortalities, and paralysis reached 90 % in diazinon and 100 % phoxim only after 45% concentration, and this means that, B. annulatus had developed a high rate of resistance to these acaricides. On nymph, the maximum efficacy was Constant 80% mortalities, and 20 % paralysis, at the highest concentrations, the efficacy on larvae and eggs is better than deltamethrin, and the efficacy of organophosphates on adult, and nymph is much better than on larvae (44%) and eggs (32%). By statistical analysis of results of the experiment by the student T test of paired samples of the three acaricides, we found that: 1- In three acaricides, there is no significance difference between the length of exposure time and its efficacy, at (95%) confidence limit (SD: 10.5 and SE: ±5.25). 2- In three acaricides, there is no significance difference between concentrations even (doubled or tripled) and efficacy, at 95% confidence limits (SD: 23.0 and SE: ±11.5).3- In three acaricides, there is a high significance difference between efficacy of phoxim on adult than larvae, at 95% confidence limit (SD: 1.36 and SE: ±.96), but there is no significance difference between efficacy on adult and eggs, at 95% confidence limit (SD: 5.64 and SE: ±3.31), also there is no significance difference between efficacy on adult and nymph, at 95% confidence limit (SD: 12.24 and SE: ±7.2). By comparing between the efficacy of Deltamethrin, Diazinon, and Phoxim, to each other at different concentrations by the student T test, we obtain the following data: 1- At the recommended concentration: There is no significance difference between the efficacy of deltamethrin & Diazinon after 20 minutes exposure time, at 95% confidence limit (SD: 19.97 and SE: ±9.98), also no significance difference between the efficacy of phoxim & Diazinon after 20 minutes exposure time, we obtain the same results. 2- At the doubled recommended concentration: There is no significance difference between the efficacy of deltamethrin & Diazinon after 20 minutes exposure time, at 95% confidence limit (SD: 19.9 and SE: ±9.94), also no significance difference between the efficacy of phoxim & Diazinon after 20 minutes exposure time, at 95% confidence limit (SD: 8.6 and SE: ±4.3). 3- At the tripled recommended concentration: There is no significance difference between the efficacy of deltamethrin & Diazinon after 20 minutes exposure time, at 95% confidence limit (SD: 31.5 and SE: ±15.75), also no significance difference between the efficacy of phoxim & Diazinon after 20 minutes exposure time, at 95% confidence limit (SD: 17.0 and SE: ±8.5).