الفهرس 
Pathology of Retinal and Choroidal NeovascularizationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Two basic types of proliferative retinopathy occur in several pathologic conditions which have in common a proliferation of a fibrovascular tissue that may form membranes and traction bands in the retina and vitreous cavity. First one is that following hemorrhages, exudates or inflammatory infiltrates. The second is ischemic or hypoxia induced type as in diabetes mellitus and BRVO in which neovascularization is prominent.
Recently intravitreal pharmacotherapy has the upper hand in treatment of different choriodal and retinal neovascularization. In the past, laser treatment and surgical procedures had a great role in the treatment of these medical disorders especially diabetic retinopathy and BRVO. Photodynamic therapy had also great role in treatment of ARMD.
Intravitreal pharmacotherapy includes Anti-VEGF and corticosteroids. Corticosteroids as TAA and Anti VEGF as bevacizumab which is a recombinant humanized monocolonal IgG1 antibody that binds to and inhibits the biological activity of VEGF invivo and invitro.
TAA is a synthetic glucocorticoid that suppresses all aspects of acute and chronic inflammatory processes. As it reduces the release or synthesis of several inflammatory mediator and decreases edema.
Many complications may associate intravitreal injection itself as endophthalmitis either true or pseudoendophthalmitis, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage and accidental injection in the subretinal space. And other complications occur from drug itself. Intravitreal TAA injection may induce cataract even after a single injection, and transient increase in IOP. Systemic complications following intravitreal bevacizumab as cerebral infarction, temporary elevation of systolic blood pressure, menstrual irregularities and local complications as retinal pigment epithelial tears, tractional retinal detachment and submacular hemorrhages.
Intravitreal injections of different pharmacotherapies need more long term studies.