الفهرس 
Anatomical considerationsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The international association for the study of pain defines pain as unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. The response to pain can be highly variable between individuals as well as in the same individual at different times. Acute pain is associated with a neuroendocrine stress response that is proportional to pain intensity. This response results in increased sympathetic tone to all viscera, increased catabolic hormones (catecholamines, cortisol and glucagone) and decreased anabolic hormones (insulin and testosterone) (1).