الفهرس 
Semen analysisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In 1864, Mantegazza was the first person to perform sperm counts on human samples. In 1891; another study was performed with an erythrocyte-counting chamber after diluting the samples four to five times. The average count of 24 samples provided by four men was 60.87 x 106 /ml. In 1929, Macomber described a sperm-counting technique that is the basis for most of the techniques used today.
The semen analysis is the most important first step to investigate the infertility of a couple. The semen is composed of mixture of secretions from the testes and epididymis in which the sperm is suspended, which in time of ejaculation, are combined with secretions from the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbouretheral glands.
In 1992 Carlsen et al., reviewed many studies allover the world in different countries, in the previous 50 years and they concluded that semen showed a high significant deterioration. from that time, researches allover the world were done to find a parallel decline in the properties of the semen of males and many countries found a similar decline while some stated that there was no change in the properties of the males, semen in the previous years.
In this study, estimation of the semen parameters in the fertile males of great Cairo governorate was done and the factors that may affect the semen parameters were evaluated. Some highly significant relations were found, some agreed with studies done before while others disagreed with these studies.
The semen parameters were very good compared to many other European, African and Asian semen parameters. This may explain why the fertility rate and the rate of pregnancy in Egypt is very high compared to the other countries. Also the increase in the pollution which negatively affects the semen parameters is probably balanced by other enhancing factors of the modern life.
The semen parameters were compared with the WHO criteria and were found to be running with its criteria. The study included 193 volunteers, all were fathering at least one child and all had no fertility problems.
The results of the analysis showed that the age of the volunteers was between 17 and 54 years with mean 32.38 and the duration for sexual abstinence was from 2 to 7 days with mean of 3.71 days. The mean semen volume was 3.052 ml., the mean sperm count was 77 x 106 per ml. and 238.8 x 106 per ejaculate, the mean of the total motility was 68.94 %, the percentage of the rapid progressive sperm was 36.14 %, that of the sluggish motility was 21.74 %, the immotile forms were 31.19 % and the abnormal forms were 23.52%.
It was concluded that :
The semen parameters of the great Cairo governorate males is of good quality, being best in the East of Cairo (Heliopolis and Nasr city) and worst in Kaliobia.
Sleeping is an important factor in the process of spermatogenesis, and sex to eight continuous sleeping hours per day are required for better semen parameters. The good diet quality which is represented by sufficient meat, vegetable and fruit is very important factor needed to improve the semen parameters. The increase in Body Mass Index does not adversely affect the semen parameters but this may be related to the high diet quality which is related to the good semen parameters. The regular physical and muscular exercise habits give better sperm count.
On the contrary, the increase in age causes deterioration in the semen parameters. Prolonged standing may affect the semen parameters by increasing the abnormal forms by the heating effect. Workers in jobs that do not need skills or learning and those with lower economic standard have worse semen parameters. Heavy cigarette smoking has significant effect on semen parameter, while Shisha smoking did not show an effect.
The best duration for sexual abstinence is one to two days were the sperm have the best motility and are of sufficient number needed for fertilization.