الفهرس 
Anatomy of human ureterOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
When conservative management of a distal ureteral stone is being considered and the patient has no associated signs of infection, uncontrollable pain, or renal failure, adjuvant pharmacologic intervention has proven efficacy in improving spontaneous stone passage.
Because of the abundance of α blockers in the lower ureter and detruser; Alpha-blockers, specifically α1-antagonists, are highly effective in increasing the expulsion rate of distal ureteral stones, reducing the time to stone passage, and decreasing the amount of pain medication needed during passage stones by decreasing the frequency and intensity of pain attacks.
A comparative evaluation of the use of alpha- blockers in one side and shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureteroscopy on the other side shows that the latter has more possible morbidity, more significant cost and is in need for highly specialized equipments and special expertise.
Alpha blockers may also be a useful adjunct in the treatment of both ureteral and renal stones with SWL. They may also reduce the urinary symptoms and pain associated with double-J ureteral stents, it also decrease the attacks of colic associated with stienstrasse.
Although success has been shown with calcium channel blockers with or without steroids and/or NSAIDs, α-blockers, with their high success rates, excellent safety profile, low side effect profile, and ease of use, have be-come the leading candidate in MET and should be used as first-line ther¬apy in any appropriate candidate on an observation protocol during the passage of a distal ureteral stone.