الفهرس 
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Abstract
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Breast cancer has been recognized as a maj or pub lic
health problem in many countries of the world. and numerous
studies of its epidemiology have been undertaken.
The aim of this study was the identification of the most
important risk factors and the association between these risk
factors and the occurrence of breast cancer.
This study was conducted among 189 women who were
clinically and pathological diagnosed as breast cancer cases
and 192 controls with non malignant disease.
This study was carried oui in surgical and radiotherapy
departments of Ain Shams University hospital and surgical
department of Benha University hospital.
Every person in this study was subjected to a designed
questionnaire. clinical examination and anthropometric
measurements.
The results of this work could be summarized as follow:
Breast cancer was found to be more prevalent on the right
breast than the left one.
- Cancer breast increases progressively with age and reaches
maximum at age group 59-69 years then declines after age of
sixty years.
- As regards reproductive factors it was found that :
* Cancer breast occurs more commonly among women With early
menarche (below age of 13 years) and late natural
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menopause (after age of 48 years). Also artificial
menopause proved to have a great role in occurrence of
cancer breast.
* The heighest occurrence of cancer breast occurred among
women with regular and prolonged duration of menstrual
flow (7 days or more).
Regarding the conceptional and interconceptional factors:
* Cancer breast occurs more commonly among women who never
been pregnant and the occurrence increases with
increasing number of pregnancies.
* Cancer breast increases linearly with increasing the age
at first birth.
* The OCcurrence o f cancer breast was found to be higher
among aborted ~’oman and the risk increased with
increasing the num,ber of abortions.
* Cancer breast occurred more commonly
never used oral contraceptive pills
among cases who
than among pills
users.
- As regards the relation with socioeconomic factors:
* Cancer breast is more common among small families with
low crOWding indel: (below 2) and high family income /
month.
* Also. it was found that the disease is more common among
working rather than non working women.
* Positive family history was found to be an important.
contributing factor in occurrence of the disease.
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- As regards anthropometric measures it was found that breast
cancer cases were significantly heavier in weights and
taller than the controls.
- As regards radiation exposure. breast cancer occurred more
commonly among previously exposed women to X-ray radiation
than among non exposed women.
Stepwise regression analysis was performed by using the
Occurrence of cancer breast as a dependent variable to
estimate the relat.ive importance of the risk factors
affecting cancer breast. it was found that the most effective
risk factors were pclrity followed by age at 1 st birth then
age of menarche. agel of the patient. family history. number
of pregnancies and ag’e of natural menopause.
When the age at discovery of cancer breast was used as a
dependent variable. the multiple regression analysis showed
that the age of menopause. age of menarche. duration of
menstrual life and the age of marriage were the most
important r isk factol~s affecting age of occurrence of the
disease.
A recommendation program was suggested to minimize the
occurrence of cancer breast among the Egyptian women. The
main objective of thifl program is to develop the awareness of
the females about the importance of early detection of the
disease.